Let's read! We will often find out this sentence everywhere. When still being a kid, mom used to order us to always read, so did the teacher. Some books are fully read in a week and we need the obligation to support reading. What about now? Do you still love reading? Is reading only for you who have obligation? Absolutely not! We here offer you a new book enPDFd preventing chronic diseases a vital investment to read.

Preventing Chronic Diseases: A Vital Investment

BACKGROUND: Coupled with the largest number of maternal deaths adolescent pregnancy in India has received paramount importance due to early age at marriage and low contraceptive use. The factors associated with the utilization of maternal healthcare services among married adolescents in rural India are poorly discussed. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Using the data from third wave of National Family Health Survey (2005-06) available in public domain for the use by researchers this paper examines the factors associated with the utilization of maternal healthcare services among married adolescent women (aged 15-19 years) in rural India. Three components of maternal healthcare service utilization were measured: full antenatal care safe delivery and postnatal care within 42 days of delivery for the women who gave births in the last five years preceding the survey. Considering the framework on causes of maternal mortality proposed by Thaddeus and Maine (1994) selected socioeconomic demographic and cultural factors influencing outcome events were included as the predictor variables. Bi-variate analyses including chi-square test to determine the difference in proportion and logistic regression to understand the net effect of predictor variables on selected outcomes were applied. Findings indicate the significant differences in the use of selected maternal healthcare utilization by educational attainment economic status and region of residence. Muslim women and women belonged to Scheduled Castes Scheduled Tribes and Other Backward Classes are less likely to avail safe delivery services. Additionally adolescent women from the southern region utilizing the highest maternal healthcare services than the other regions. CONCLUSIONS: The present study documents several socioeconomic and cultural factors affecting the utilization of maternal healthcare services among rural adolescent women in India. The ongoing healthcare programs should start targeting household with married adolescent women belonging to poor and specific sub-groups of the population in rural areas to address the unmet need for maternal healthcare service utilization.

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Determinants of Maternity Care Services Utilization among Married Adolescents in Rural India

CONTEXT: Little evidence from India is available regarding the ways in which early marriage may compromise young women's lives and their reproductive health and choices. METHODS: Data from 8,314 married women aged 20-24 living in five Indian states, obtained from a subnationally representative study of transitions experienced by youth, were used to compare marital, reproductive and other outcomes between young women who had married before age 18 and those who had married later. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify associations between timing of marriage and the outcomes of interest. RESULTS: Young women who had married at age 18 or older were more likely than those who had married before age 18 to have been involved in planning their marriage (odds ratio, 1.4), to reject wife beating (1.2), to have used contraceptives to delay their first pregnancy (1.4) and to have had their first birth in a health facility (1.4). They were less likely than women who had married early to have experienced physical violence (0.6) or sexual violence (0.7) in their marriage or to have had a miscarriage or stillbirth (0.6). CONCLUSIONS: Findings underscore the need to build support among youth and their families for delaying marriage, to enforce existing laws on the minimum age at marriage and to encourage school, health and other authorities to support young women in negotiating with their parents to delay marriage. Language: en

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Associations Between Early Marriage and Young Women's Marital and Reproductive Health Outcomes: Evidence from India

Prevalence and Health Impact of Intimate Partner Violence and Non-partner Sexual Violence Among Female Adolescents Aged 15–19 Years in Vulnerable Urban Environments: A Multi-Country Study

This paper reviews the evidence on sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) of adolescent girls in low-income and middle-income countries (LMIC) in light of the policy and programme commitments made at the International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD), analyses progress since 1994, and maps challenges in and opportunities for protecting their health and human rights. Findings indicate that many countries have yet to make significant progress in delaying marriage and childbearing, reducing unintended childbearing, narrowing gender disparities that put girls at risk of poor SRH outcomes, expanding health awareness or enabling access to SRH services. While governments have reaffirmed many commitments, policy development and programme implementation fall far short of realising these commitments. Future success requires increased political will and engagement of young people in the formulation and implementation of policies and programmes, along with increased investments to deliver at scale comprehensive sexuality education, health services that are approachable and not judgemental, safe spaces programmes, especially for vulnerable girls, and programmes that engage families and communities. Stronger policy-making and programming also require expanding the evidence on adolescent health and rights in LMICs for both younger and older adolescents, boys and girls, and relating to a range of key health matters affecting adolescents.

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Sexual and reproductive health and rights of adolescent girls: Evidence from low- and middle-income countries

/pdf/youth-in-india-situation-and-needs-2006-2007-1b5hn7cnpf.pdf

Youth in India: Situation and Needs 2006-2007

A growing body of evidence from India and other countries shows that the situation and needs of married adolescent girls and young women are different from both that of unmarried adolescent girls and married adult women posing distinct programme challenges. For example given the pressure to initiate childbearing soon after marriage in India married young women are far more likely to experience regular sexual relations less likely to use condoms and less likely to refuse sex than are unmarried sexually active adolescents or adult women. This places married young women at higher risk than unmarried sexually active adolescents of acquiring sexually transmitted infections and among those under 16 at higher risk than married adult women of experiencing obstetric complications associated with early childbearing. Moreover married young women are socially and economically more disadvantaged than their unmarried peers and married adult counterparts. For example married adolescents are far less likely than older married women to report involvement in decision-making pertaining to their own lives access to economic resources or mobility within and outside the marital village. These differences call for specific strategies to meet the special needs of married adolescent girls and young women. While recent policies and programmes have recognised the special needs of married adolescents and young women their effective implementation has been handicapped by the lack of evidence on the kinds of intervention models that are feasible and effective in improving the situation of this group. In this background the Population Council in partnership with Child In Need Institute (CINI) in Kolkata Deepak Charitable Trust (DCT) in Vadodara and International Institute for Population Sciences Mumbai initiated an intervention project the First-time Parents Project. The project aimed to develop and test an integrated package of health and social interventions to improve married young womens reproductive and sexual health knowledge and practices increase their ability to act in their own interest and expand their social support networks. The project was formulated on the hypothesis that the periods immediately following marriage and surrounding the first pregnancy and birth though periods of substantial vulnerability offer a unique and powerful entry point for improving the situation of married young women. This report describes the First-time Parents Project and examines the extent to which the intervention improved the social and reproductive health situation of married young women. Specifically the report assesses the extent to which exposure to the intervention influenced young womens agency and social support networks; knowledge of key reproductive health issues; reproductive health behaviours including the use of contraceptives to delay pregnancy and the use of appropriate pregnancy-related health services; and partner communication and support. (excerpt)

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Empowering married young women and improving their sexual and reproductive health: Effects of the First-time Parents Project

http://environmentportal.in/files/Understanding%20the%20Distribution%20of%20BPLPL%20Cards.pdf

Understanding the Distribution of B pl cards: all- india and s elected s tates

The positive effect of women's empowerment on the use of contraceptives is well established. However, the reverse effect, i.e. the potential effect of use of contraceptives on women's empowerment, is relatively unexplored. This study examined the direct impact of contraceptive use on women's empowerment in currently married women aged 15-49 years in India using data from the National Family Health Survey-4 conducted in 2015-16. A two-stage least squares (2SLS) regression model was used to account for the issue of endogeneity that appears in a general logit model. The use of contraceptives by the sample women was found to be associated with greater women's empowerment in terms of both their mobility and decision-making power. The pathways to greater women's empowerment are often presumed to be factors such as changing perception of their domestic role and sense of control over their own body. While these are integral, this paper highlights how the possible control over family size and birth interval through use of contraception may also be critical pathways to increasing women's empowerment.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/878565E0214A05DDBDA4C83E2D383A52/S0021932019000609a.pdf/div-class-title-contraceptive-use-and-its-effect-on-indian-women-s-empowerment-evidence-from-the-national-family-health-survey-4-div.pdf

Contraceptive use and its effect on Indian women's empowerment: evidence from the National Family Health Survey-4.

Background Influence of contraceptive use on increased gap between successive births and attributed reduced risk of child deaths is well documented in developing countries. However, there is scarcity of evidence on direct contribution of contraceptive use on child survival especially in Indian context. Methods Using information given in the reproductive calendar history of the National Family Health Survey of India conducted in 2015–16, this study examines the effect of modern contraceptive use on childhood mortality – infant mortality rate (IMR) and under-five mortality rate (U5MR). Bivariate analysis and cox proportional hazard model is applied in the study. Results Finding reveals that use of reversible contraceptives prior to birth resulted in low childhood mortality rates. IMR is 35 per 1000 live births among births with preceding use of modern reversible contraceptives as compared to 44 per 1000 live births among births with no use. Similarly, U5MR is 41 per 1000 live births as compared to 61 per 1000 live births among births with preceding use of contraceptive and no use respectively. The use of reversible modern contraceptives prior to birth is protective against child mortality even among births with preceding birth interval of less than 24 months. Conclusions This study provides evidence of dual benefit of contraceptive use. Such information is important for promoting evidence-based advocacy to expand use of family planning services. This will help the country to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 which calls for end of preventable deaths during childhood.

Association between modern contraceptive use and child mortality in India: A calendar data analysis of the National Family Health Survey (2015-16).

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