This paper presents the design and realization of a double four-port Butler matrix to feed a four-column array antenna with two orthogonally polarized signals (to obtain polarization diversity). The main goals of this study are the reduction of the size and the losses of the network. In order to meet those requirements, a bi-layer structure, the suspended stripline, has been adopted to support the circuit. Moreover, the complete network has been integrated in a single unit. The double four-port Butler matrix has been etched on both sides of the suspended substrate to solve the problem of the cross between the lines. The broadside suspended 3-dB directional coupler has been chosen for the design of the 3-dB hybrid coupler. In order to change the side of the suspended substrate, contactless transitions have been used. The network is designed to work within the range of frequencies of the GSM-900-MHz standard: band 880 MHz-960 MHz, center frequency f/sub 0/=920 MHz. Measured losses for a 4/spl times/4 Butler matrix are 0.3 dB.

Low-loss compact Butler matrix for a microstrip antenna

A device (24) that communicatively couples a number of transmitters and receivers (18) to a number of antennas (28). The device includes transmit ports (TX1, TX2, TX3, TX4) each of which may be connected to a respective transmitter, receive ports (RA1, RA2, RA3, RA4) each of which may be connected to a respective receiver, and antenna ports (ANT1, ANT2, ANT3, ANT4) each of which may be connected to a respective antenna. One coupling unit (32, 34, 68) has inputs connected to each transmit port and outputs to respective antenna ports for combining individual transmit signals received at each transmit port to form a combined transmit signal, and outputs the combined transmit signal to each respective antenna port. A second coupling unit (52, 56, 68, 64, 66) has inputs connected to respective antenna ports and outputs to each receive port for combining individual receive signals from each respective antenna port to form a combined receive signal, and outputs the combined receive signal to the receive ports.

Cellular communication system having device coupling distribution of antennas to plurality of transceivers

This paper deals with the design of a 4 × 4 Butler matrix with millimeter microstrip technology. The design of this matrix at around 40 GHz suggests a circuit without any crossing on single-layer substrate. Thus its main advantage is low cost. Simulations, realization, and measurements are discussed in the present paper. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 38: 462–465, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.11090

Design and realization of a 4 × 4 microstrip butler matrix without any crossing in millimeter waves

In this article, a multilayered substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) Butler matrix beam-forming network is proposed, designed, and demonstrated at 24 GHz for automotive radar system applications. The proposed low-cost SIW structure can be used to develop a highly integrated multibeam antenna platform in automotive radar systems and other applications. In this structure, an SIW H-plane coupler is optimized with an H-plane slit to provide the required phase shift. A class of SIW E-plane 3-dB couplers in doubled layer substrate are studied and designed as the fundamental building blocks to avoid crossovers usually required in the construction of a Butler matrix. A 4 × 4 matrix is investigated and designed, which shows excellent performance over 22–26 GHz frequency band. Two types of antenna are tested with the proposed matrix scheme. First, an antipodal linearly tapered slot antenna (ALTSA) is incorporated into the Butler matrix to verify the broadband performances. Second, a longitudinal slotted waveguide antenna array is examined to generate radiation patterns in the broadside direction. Measured results agree well with simulated counterparts, thus validating the proposed multilayer SIW design concepts. In the next sections, the use as feeding networks for providing the reconfigurability operation of an antenna will be illustrated. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE , 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Multilayered substrate integrated waveguide 4 × 4 butler matrix

A reconfigurable zonal beam forming system for an antenna on a satellite in orbit includes, in cascade, a signal splitter applying signals of equal amplitude to each channel, first variable phase-shifters and amplifiers and a Butler matrix the outputs of which are connected via second variable phase-shifters to the radiating source elements of the antenna. Varying the phase-shifts introduced by the first and second phase-shifters reconfigures the transmitted beam optimally. A preferred variant of the system further includes variable attenuators. A control device is used to apply optimization parameters. A method of optimizing the resulting configuration uses a gradient search algorithm.

Reconfigurable zonal beam forming system for an antenna on a satellite in orbit and method of optimizing reconfiguration

This paper presents the development of high performance multiport hybrid networks based on the Butler matrix concept in thick film microstrip technology to provide the multibeam and reconfigurable operation of antennas of DCS 1800 (ground mobile) base stations. This work was performed to meet the increasing demand for mobile communications that calls for the use of advanced components to improve the electrical performance and reduce the size of transceivers, in view of the integration of ground and satellite communication equipments. In what follows a survey of the various applications of these multiport networks is presented. Furthermore, the possibility of increasing the operation flexibility suggested the use of specific components able to carry out a close control of the phase. With regard to this fact, innovating types of phase-shifters, providing a very accurate slope equalization of the phase over a specified frequency band, were developed. All designs were performed using CAD Libra (software by Eesof) to operate over the 1.7-1.9 GHz band and prototypes were manufactured on Rogers RT6006 and RT5880 Duroid substrates. Finally, the microstrip technology used for DCS applications at 1.8 GHz can easily be transferred to satellite mobile systems at 1.6 GHz and to cellular based PCN (2-2.5 GHz band).

High performance microstrip networks for multibeam and reconfigurable operation in mobile-radio systems

Adolescents with gender dysphoria (GD) often have internalizing symptoms, but the relationship with affective bodily investment and emotion dysregulation is actually under-investigated. The aims of this study are: (1) the comparison of Self-Administrated Psychiatric Scales for Children and Adolescents’ (SAFA), Body Investment Scale’s (BIS), and Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale’s (DERS) scores between GD adolescents (n = 30) and cisgenders (n = 30), (2) finding correlations between body investment and emotion regulation in the GD sample, (3) evaluating the link between these dimensions and internalizing symptomatology of GD adolescents. In addition to the significant impairment in emotion regulation and a negative body investment in the GD sample, Spearman’s correlation analyses showed a relationship between worse body protection and impaired emotion regulation, and binary logistic regressions of these dimensions on each SAFA domain evidenced that they may have a role in the increased probability of pathological scores for depression. Our results focused on the role played by emotion regulation and emotional investment in the body in the exacerbating and maintenance of internalizing symptoms, in particular depression, and self-harming behaviors in GD adolescents.

/pdf/body-emotional-investment-and-emotion-dysregulation-in-a-2z8tvm3o.pdf

Body Emotional Investment and Emotion Dysregulation in a Sample of Adolescents with Gender Dysphoria Seeking Sex Reassignment

This paper present the development of advanced components to minimize the size and improve the reliability and performance of transceivers of mobile systems. In particular, multiport hybrid networks based on the Butler matrix concept and an innovating type of phase-shifters, able to provide a very accurate phase equalization over a wide frequency band, are shown. The technology used is the thick film microstrip and the applications are the antennas of cellular DCS 1800 (ground mobile), in view of the integration of ground and satellite communication equipment. A Butler matrix can advantageously be used as a key element of multiport power amplifiers (MPA's) and as a transmit combining network in place of other solutions employing filters or couplers. Prototypes of these components, designed using Libra software (by Eesof) to operate over the 1.7-1.9 GHz band, were manufactured on Rogers RT6006 and RT5880 Duroid substrates. It is to be noticed that the microstrip technology used for DCS applications at 1.8 GHz can easily be transferred to satellite mobile systems at 1.6 GHz and to cellular based PCN (2-2.5 GHz Band). >

Evolution of microstrip components for mobile communication systems

This paper presents the development of high performance multiport hybrid networks based on the Butler matrix and a new type of phase-shifters with thick film microstrip technology for mobile-radio antenna applications. A Butler matrix can be used in DCS 1800 Base Stations as a transmit combining network and as a key element of Multiport Power Amplifiers (MPA's). As far as the phase-shifters are concerned, an innovating way of providing a phase-shift together with a very accurate slope equalization of the phase over a specified frequency band of operation is shown. This constitutes a very powerful tool in view of the design of beam forming networks for multibeam or reconfigurable antennas operating over a large bandwidth. All designs were carried out using Libra software (by Eesof) to operate over the 1.7-1.9 GHz band and prototypes were manufactured on Rogers RT6006 Duroid substrate.

High Performance Microstrip Components for Mobile-Radio Antenna Systems

The increasing demand for mobile communications calls for the development of advanced components to reduce the size and the cost and improve the performance of transceivers. This paper presents high performance multiport hybrid networks and specific components in thick film microstrip for phased-array antennas at 1.6 (satellite mobile equipments) or 1.8 GHz (DCS 1800). For the sake of brevity, in what follows only the case of DCS 1800 is discussed.

Advanced microstrip networks for integrated mobile communications

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