(Mn, Zn) co-doped CdS (Cd0.8Mn0.01Zn0.17S, Cd0.78Mn0.15Zn0.07S, and Cd0.67Mn0.3Zn0.07S) nanowires (or nanobelts) were synthesized using the vapor transport method. Their X-ray diffraction patterns reveal a significant contraction of the lattice constants of up to 1.5%, due to the incorporation of Mn and Zn. The electronic structures of the Cd, Mn, and Zn atoms were probed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and compared with those of the Mn-doped CdS (Cd1-xMnxS, where x = 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3) nanowires. As the concentration of Mn increases, the binding energy of the Cd 3d, Mn 2p, and Zn 2p peaks shifts to a lower energy, and the peak width becomes broader, indicating the effective incorporation of Mn and Zn into the CdS lattices. The photoluminescence spectrum reveals that the band-edge emission peak shifts to a higher energy with the Mn doping but to a lower energy with the Zn doping. The magnetization curves suggest the existence of room-temperature ferromagnetic behavior.

(Mn, Zn) co-doped CdS nanowires

The photogeneration of charge carriers in spin-coated thin films of nanocrystalline (nc-)TiO2 particles dispersed in a semiconducting polymer, poly(N-vinylcarbazole) (PVK), has been studied by photoluminescence and charge transport measurements. The solvent and the TiO2 particle concentration have been selected to optimize the composite morphology. A large number of small domains leading to a large interface and an improved exciton dissociation could be obtained with tetrahydrofuran (THF). The charge transport mechanism and trap distribution at low and high voltage in ITO/nc-TiO2:PVK/Al diodes in the dark could be identified by current?voltage measurements and impedance spectroscopy. The transport mechanism is space charge limited with an exponential trap distribution in the high voltage regime (1?4?V), whereas a Schottky process with a barrier height of about 0.9?eV is observed at low bias voltages (<1?V). The current?voltage characteristics under white illumination have shown a dramatic increase of the short circuit current density Jsc and open circuit voltage Voc for a 30% TiO2 volume content corresponding to the morphology exhibiting the best dispersion of TiO2 particles. A degradation of the photovoltaic properties is induced at higher compositions by the formation of larger TiO2 aggregates. A procedure has been developed to extract the physical parameters from the J?V characteristics in the dark and under illumination on the basis of an equivalent circuit. The variation of the solar cell parameters with the TiO2 composition confirms that the photovoltaic response is optimum for 30% TiO2 volume content. It is concluded that the photovoltaic properties of nc-TiO2:PVK nanocomposites are controlled by the interfacial area between the donor and the acceptor material and are limited by the dispersion of the TiO2 nanoparticles in the polymer.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0957-4484/19/37/375201/pdf

Investigation of exciton photodissociation, charge transport and photovoltaic response of poly(N-vinyl carbazole): TiO2 nanocomposites for solar cell applications

Indium tin oxide (ITO) substrates have been functionalized by several substituted calix[n]arene (n = 5 or 9) derivatives using spin coating to fabricate organic diode devices. The effect of rim size and side substituents has been investigated by UV–visible absorption spectrophotometry. The energy band gaps of these calixarene derivative thin films have been found in the 1.166–1.450 eV range. The electrical properties of ITO/calix[n]arene/Al diodes have been studied by current–voltage measurement showing an ohmic behaviour at low voltage. The I(V) characteristics could be modelled by a space-charge-limited current (SCLC) mechanism at high applied bias voltage. The ac electrical transport of calix[5,9]arene derivatives has been studied over a wide range of bias voltage and frequency by impedance spectroscopy. The device had been accurately modelled, for a frequency between 100 Hz and 10 MHz, by a single parallel resistor and capacitor network in series with a resistance. A dielectric relaxation time in the ms range and a transport mechanism controlled by an exponential trap distribution were deduced from the fit of the experimental data. The evolution of electrical parameters with chemical structure (rim size and substituent) has been discussed. The conductivity σ(ω) evolution with frequency and bias voltage was studied for ITO/calix[n]arene/Al devices. The dc conductivity σdc for these devices has been determined. The ac conductivity σac showed a variation in angular frequency as A.ωs with a critical exponent s < 1 suggesting a hopping conduction mechanism at high frequency and a microscopic picture of the relaxation and hopping processes has been proposed.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0268-1242/24/10/105007/pdf

Optical and electrical properties of semi-conducting calix[5,9]arene thin films with potential applications in organic electronics

It has been a challenge to synthesize thiol-functionalized polyacetylenes because of the poisoning effect of mercapto group on the early transition-metal catalysts. Rhodium complexes such as [Rh(cod)Cl]2 can catalyze the polymerizations but the products are insoluble and intractable. In this work, we tackled this challenge. Sulfur-containing polyacetylenes with macroscopic processability were successfully synthesized by separating thiol pendant from polyene backbone with a flexible spacer (in P1), capping free mercapto group with acetyl or alkyl group (in P2 or P3), and using a zwitterionic complex Rh+[η6-C6H5(nbd)B–(C6H5)3] as catalyst. The soluble polymers were characterized by NMR, IR, UV, PL, and TGA analyses. Due to the specific interactions between thiol group and zinc cation, ZnO nanoparticles were chemisorbed onto the surfaces of polymer films, as verified by AFM analysis. Polymer P2 and ZnO nanoparticles could be readily hybridized by simply mixing the two components in an organic solvent such as...

Synthesis of Sulfur-Containing Polyacetylenes and Fabrication of Their Hybrids with ZnO Nanoparticles

Using a sample of United States (US) and Chinese listed firms from 2018 to 2022, we investigate the non-linear effect of overall ESG performance on the firm's sustainable growth. Additionally, our analysis involves the decomposition of ESG into its environmental, social, and governance components to examine their individual effects on sustainable growth. High Dimension Fixed Effects, and dynamic panel generalized method of moments key findings reveal a positive effect of overall ESG performance on sustainable growth but as ESG performance increases, the positive impact on firms sustainable growth diminishes and eventually turns negative, indicating an inverse U-shaped relationship. Furthermore, our findings show that not all ESG components exert an equivalent influence on sustainable growth. Specifically environmental and social performance have a greater effect on sustainable growth, highlighting the unequal impact of different ESG dimensions. Sub-sample analysis further accentuates the concept of an optimal level of ESG performance. These findings persist across various measures, estimators, and subgroup analyses. Overall, the results reveal novel non-linear patterns in ESG performance, providing valuable insights for management, investors, and policymakers. 

ESG resilience: Exploring the non-linear effects of ESG performance on firms sustainable growth

Spectroscopic investigations on hybrid nanocomposites : CdS:Mn nanocrystals in a conjugated polymer

Optimal subsidization for the adoption of new irrigation technologies

/pdf/adoption-of-modern-irrigation-technologies-in-the-presence-qwvxcv0r.pdf

Adoption of modern irrigation technologies in the presence of water theft and corruption: evidence from public irrigated areas in Medjez-el-Bab

This study assesses the impact of dam-based irrigation on the adoption of management practices for sustaining the natural capital of a region, with a focus on soil and water resources, using survey data from 1020 farmlands in northwestern Tunisia. Because treatment effect estimates are frequently prone to misspecification in either the treatment or outcome models, we use the doubly-robust inverse probability weighted regression adjustment estimator on four soil and water sustaining agricultural practices. As a robustness check, we also apply propensity score matching, with both methods consistently indicating a positive impact of dam irrigation on the adoption of these practices. Overall, these findings emphasize the indirect positive ecological effects of dams on a region's natural capital sustainability. 

Does dam-based irrigation affect the sustainability of natural capital ?: A doubly robust analysis

Unlocking the effect of corporate environmental practices in driving firms’ financial performance

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