The physics programme and the design are described of a new collider for particle and nuclear physics, the Large Hadron Electron Collider (LHeC), in which a newly built electron beam of 60 GeV, up to possibly 140 GeV, energy collides with the intense hadron beams of the LHC. Compared to HERA, the kinematic range covered is extended by a factor of twenty in the negative four-momentum squared, $Q^2$, and in the inverse Bjorken $x$, while with the design luminosity of $10^{33}$ cm$^{-2}$s$^{-1}$ the LHeC is projected to exceed the integrated HERA luminosity by two orders of magnitude. The physics programme is devoted to an exploration of the energy frontier, complementing the LHC and its discovery potential for physics beyond the Standard Model with high precision deep inelastic scattering measurements. These are designed to investigate a variety of fundamental questions in strong and electroweak interactions. The physics programme also includes electron-deuteron and electron-ion scattering in a $(Q^2, 1/x)$ range extended by four orders of magnitude as compared to previous lepton-nucleus DIS experiments for novel investigations of neutron's and nuclear structure, the initial conditions of Quark-Gluon Plasma formation and further quantum chromodynamic phenomena. The LHeC may be realised either as a ring-ring or as a linac-ring collider. Optics and beam dynamics studies are presented for both versions, along with technical design considerations on the interaction region, magnets and further components, together with a design study for a high acceptance detector. Civil engineering and installation studies are presented for the accelerator and the detector. The LHeC can be built within a decade and thus be operated while the LHC runs in its high-luminosity phase. It thus represents a major opportunity for progress in particle physics exploiting the investment made in the LHC.

A Large Hadron Electron Collider at CERN: Report on the Physics and Design Concepts for Machine and Detector

This article reviews our present understanding of QCD spin physics: the proton spin puzzle and new developments aimed at understanding the transverse structure of the nucleon. Present experimental investigations of the nucleon's internal spin structure, the theoretical interpretation of the different measurements, and the open questions and challenges for future investigation are discussed.

/pdf/the-spin-structure-of-the-nucleon-4938rrpltt.pdf

The Spin Structure of the Nucleon

Lepton scattering is an established ideal tool for studying inner structure of small particles such as nucleons as well as nuclei. As a future high energy nuclear physics project, an Electron-ion collider in China (EicC) has been proposed. It will be constructed based on an upgraded heavy-ion accelerator, High Intensity heavy-ion Accelerator Facility (HIAF) which is currently under construction, together with a new electron ring. The proposed collider will provide highly polarized electrons (with a polarization of ∼80%) and protons (with a polarization of ∼70%) with variable center of mass energies from 15 to 20 GeV and the luminosity of (2–3) × 10$^{33}$ cm$^{−2}$ · s$^{−1}$. Polarized deuterons and Helium-3, as well as unpolarized ion beams from Carbon to Uranium, will be also available at the EicC.The main foci of the EicC will be precision measurements of the structure of the nucleon in the sea quark region, including 3D tomography of nucleon; the partonic structure of nuclei and the parton interaction with the nuclear environment; the exotic states, especially those with heavy flavor quark contents. In addition, issues fundamental to understanding the origin of mass could be addressed by measurements of heavy quarkonia near-threshold production at the EicC. In order to achieve the above-mentioned physics goals, a hermetical detector system will be constructed with cutting-edge technologies.This document is the result of collective contributions and valuable inputs from experts across the globe. The EicC physics program complements the ongoing scientific programs at the Jefferson Laboratory and the future EIC project in the United States. The success of this project will also advance both nuclear and particle physics as well as accelerator and detector technology in China.[graphic not available: see fulltext]

/pdf/electron-ion-collider-in-china-ayp1o4ulo4.pdf

Electron-ion collider in China

Particle colliders for high energy physics have been in the forefront of scientific discoveries for more than half a century. The accelerator technology of the collider has progressed immensely, while the beam energy, luminosity, facility size and the cost have grown by several orders of magnitude. The method of colliding beams has not fully exhausted its potential but its pace of progress has greatly slowed down. In this paper we very briefly review the method and the history of colliders, discuss in detail the developments over the past two decades and the directions of the R and D toward near future colliders which are currently being explored. Finally, we make an attempt to look beyond the current horizon and outline the changes in the paradigm required for the next breakthroughs.

/pdf/high-energy-particle-colliders-past-20-years-next-20-years-gd2ewjzlyl.pdf

High-energy particle colliders: past 20 years, next 20 years, and beyond

Particle colliders for high energy physics have been in the forefront of scientific discoveries for more than half a century The accelerator technology of the collider has progressed immensely, while the beam energy, luminosity, facility size and the cost have grown by several orders of magnitude The method of colliding beams has not fully exhausted its potential but its pace of progress has greatly slowed down In this paper we very briefly review the method and the history of colliders, discuss in detail the developments over the past two decades and the directions of the R&D toward near future colliders which are currently being explored Finally, we make an attempt to look beyond the current horizon and outline the changes in the paradigm required for the next breakthroughs

High energy particle colliders: past 20 years, next 20 years and beyond

In addition to heavy ion collisions (RHIC Design Manual, Brookhaven National Laboratory), RHIC will also collide intense beams of polarized protons (I. Alekseev, et al., Design Manual Polarized Proton Collider at RHIC, Brookhaven National Laboratory, 1998 [2]), reaching transverse energies where the protons scatter as beams of polarized quarks and gluons. The study of high energy polarized protons beams has been a long term part of the program at BNL with the development of polarized beams in the Booster and AGS rings for fixed target experiments. We have extended this capability to the RHIC machine. In this paper we describe the design and methods for achieving collisions of both longitudinal and transverse polarized protons in RHIC at energies up to s =500 GeV .

/pdf/polarized-proton-collider-at-rhic-3k0768nrbs.pdf

Polarized proton collider at RHIC

Superconducting helical dipole magnets will be used in the Brookhaven Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) to maintain polarization of proton beams and to perform localized spin rotations at the two major experimental detector regions. Requirements for the helical dipole system are discussed, and magnet prototype work is reported.

/pdf/helical-dipole-magnets-for-polarized-protons-in-rhic-4mochm86pa.pdf

Helical dipole magnets for polarized protons in RHIC

In the recent polarized proton runs in the AGS, a 5% partial snake was used successfully to overcome the imperfection depolarizing resonances. A polarized proton beam was accelerated up to the required RHIC injection energy of 25 GeV. However, a significant amount of polarization was lost at 0+/spl nu//sub y/, 12+/spl nu//sub y/ and 36+/spl nu//sub y/, which is believed to be partially due to the coupling resonances. To overcome the coupling resonance, an energy-jump was generated by rapidly changing the beam circumference using the powerful AGS RF system. It clearly demonstrates that the novel energy-jump method can successfully overcome coupling resonances and weak intrinsic resonances.

/pdf/overcoming-weak-intrinsic-depolarizing-resonances-with-3fg0trnqrm.pdf

Overcoming weak intrinsic depolarizing resonances with energy-jump

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Polarized proton collider at RHIC

Helical dipole magnets for polarized protons in RHIC

Overcoming weak intrinsic depolarizing resonances with energy-jump