Dark matter particles populating our galactic halo could be directly detected by measuring their scattering off target nuclei or electrons in a suitable detector. As this interaction is expected to occur with very low probability and would generate very small energy deposits, the detection is challenging; the possible identification of distinctive signatures (like an annual modulation in the interaction rates or directionality) to assign a dark matter origin to a possible observation is being considered. Here, the physics case of different dark matter direct detection experiments will be presented and the different and complementary techniques which are being applied or considered will be discussed, summarizing their features and latest results obtained. Special focus will be made on TPC-related projects; experiments using noble liquids have presently a leading role to constrain interaction cross sections of a wide range of dark matter candidates and gaseous detectors are very promising to explore specifically low mass dark matter as well as to measure directionality.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1742-6596/2502/1/012004/pdf

Review on dark matter searches

Abstract We present here a characterization of the low background NaI(Tl) crystal NaI-33 based on a period of almost one year of data taking (891 kg $$\times $$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mo>×</mml:mo> </mml:math> days exposure) in a detector configuration with no use of organic scintillator veto. This remarkably radio-pure crystal already showed a low background in the SABRE Proof-of-Principle (PoP) detector, in the low energy region of interest (1–6 keV) for the search of dark matter interaction via the annual modulation signature. As the vetoable background components, such as $$^{40}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow /> <mml:mn>40</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:math> K, are here sub-dominant, we reassembled the PoP setup with a fully passive shielding. We upgraded the selection of events based on a Boosted Decision Tree algorithm that rejects most of the PMT-induced noise while retaining scintillation signals with &gt; 90% efficiency in 1–6 keV. We find an average background of 1.39 ± 0.02 counts/day/kg/keV in the region of interest and a spectrum consistent with data previously acquired in the PoP setup, where the external veto background suppression was in place. Our background model indicates that the dominant background component is due to decays of $$^{210}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow /> <mml:mn>210</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:math> Pb, only partly residing in the crystal itself. The other location of $$^{210}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:msup> <mml:mrow /> <mml:mn>210</mml:mn> </mml:msup> </mml:math> Pb is the reflector foil that wraps the crystal. We now proceed to design the experimental setup for the physics phase of the SABRE North detector, based on an array of similar crystals, using a low radioactivity PTFE reflector and further improving the passive shielding strategy, in compliance with the new safety and environmental requirements of Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso. 

/pdf/performance-of-the-sabre-detector-module-in-a-purely-passive-251vmzt0.pdf

Performance of the SABRE detector module in a purely passive shielding

SABRE (Sodium iodide with Active Background REjection) is a direct detection dark matter experiment based on arrays of radio-pure NaI(Tl) crystals. The experiment aims at achieving an ultra-low background rate and its primary goal is to confirm or refute the results from the DAMA/LIBRA experiment. The SABRE Proof-of-Principle phase was carried out in 2020-2021 at the Gran Sasso National Laboratory (LNGS), in Italy. The next phase consists of two full-scale experiments: SABRE South at the Stawell Underground Physics Laboratory, in Australia, and SABRE North at LNGS. This paper focuses on SABRE South and presents a detailed simulation of the detector, which is used to characterise the background for dark matter searches including DAMA/LIBRA-like modulation. We estimate an overall background of 0.72 cpd/kg/keV$_{ee}$ in the energy range 1$-$6 keV$_{ee}$ primarily due to radioactive contamination in the crystals. Given this level of background and considering that the SABRE South has a target mass of 50 kg, we expect to exclude (confirm) DAMA/LIBRA modulation at $4~(5)\sigma$ within 2.5 years of data taking. 

/pdf/simulation-and-background-characterisation-of-the-sabre-j3dh48mh.pdf

Simulation and background characterisation of the SABRE South experiment

A brief review on underground laboratories at the time of IDM 2022 is reported. General characteristics of these research infrastructures are discussed and a few highlights from different laboratories are reported. The idea of networking between underground laboratories is discussed.

/pdf/underground-laboratories-2r1tutbg.pdf

Underground laboratories

We investigate a hypothesis that energy accumulation and the subsequent release in NaI(Tl) may lead to pulse-like events in the few-keV energy regime, a phenomenon suggested by the crystal manufacturing company Saint-Gobain, who provided the crystals for DAMA-LIBRA. While we observed delayed long-lasting light emission in a 3" NaI(Tl) crystal after exposing it to UV light, the delayed light consists primarily of single photons that are uncorrelated with each other. We also observe delayed light emission in NaI(Tl) following gamma radiation and large ionization events like cosmic-ray muons. We found that irradiating the crystal with red light after UV exposure significantly suppressed delayed photon emissions. 

/pdf/production-and-suppression-of-delayed-light-in-nai-tl-125da42t.pdf

Production and suppression of delayed light in NaI(Tl) scintillators

We present new results on the radiopurity of a 3.4-kg NaI(Tl) crystal scintillator operated in the SABRE proof-of-principle detector setup. The amount of potassium contamination, determined by the direct counting of radioactive K40, is found to be 2.2±1.5 ppb, lowest ever achieved for NaI(Tl) crystals. With the active veto, the average background rate in the crystal in the 1-6 keV energy region of interest (ROI) is 1.20±0.05 counts/day/kg/keV, which is a breakthrough since the DAMA/LIBRA experiment. Our background model indicates that the rate is dominated by Pb210 and that about half of this contamination is located in the polytetrafluoroethylene reflector. We discuss ongoing developments of the crystal manufacture aimed at the further reduction of the background, including data from purification by zone refining. A projected background rate lower than ∼0.2 counts/day/kg/keV in the ROI is within reach. These results represent a benchmark for the development of next-generation NaI(Tl) detector arrays for the direct detection of dark matter particles.

/pdf/high-sensitivity-characterization-of-an-ultrahigh-purity-nai-4bntqihlcb.pdf

High sensitivity characterization of an ultrahigh purity NaI(Tl) crystal scintillator with the SABRE proof-of-principle detector

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High sensitivity characterization of an ultrahigh purity NaI(Tl) crystal scintillator with the SABRE proof-of-principle detector