Lead is commonly used in medical radiology departments as a shielding material. Lead-based protective materials are also used by clinical personnel during X-ray image-guided interventional radiology (IVR) procedures. However, lead is extremely toxic and prolonged exposure to it can result in serious health concerns. Polymer composites, on the other hand, can be designed to be lead-free in addition to being lightweight, conformable, cost effective, and potentially capable of significantly attenuating X-rays. Nanomaterials have unique material properties that can be exploited to develop novel lead-free radiation-protection materials. In this study, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) nanocomposites were fabricated using different weight percentages (wt %) of bismuth oxide (BO) nanopowder. The attenuation properties of the nanocomposites were characterized using diagnostic X-ray energies from 40 to 150 kV tube potential and were compared to the attenuation characteristics of 0.25-mm-thick pure lead sheet. The PDMS/BO nanocomposite (44.44 wt% of BO and 3.73-mm thick) was capable of attenuating all the scattered X-rays generated at a tube potential of 60 kV, which is the beam energy commonly employed in IVR. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2013

Polymer nanocomposite‐based shielding against diagnostic X‐rays

Particulate polymer composites of Iso- phthalate based unsaturated polyester resin filled with dif- ferent concentrations of lead monoxide were prepared. These composites were investigated for physical, thermal, mechanical, and gamma radiation shielding characteristics. The results of density evaluation, microscopic studies, and the radiation shielding properties for gamma rays of energy 0.662 MeV from Cs-137 point source have been presented in this article. The results show that, the density of the composites was observed to increase with filler loading. The morphological analysis of the composites made using the scanning electron microscope showed that, the lead monoxide particles were observed to disperse uniformly in the polymer matrix with an average inter particle distance of about 10 lm and an average size of about 5.36 lm. The linear attenuation coefficient of the composites was found to increase with increased filler con- tent in the composites. The highest value of 0.206 cm � 1 was found for 50 wt % of lead monoxide. These compo- sites were observed to exhibit excellent % of heaviness and Half value layer in comparison with other conven- tional materials. V C 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 112: 1503-1508, 2009

Preparation and characterization of lead monoxide filled unsaturated polyester based polymer composites for gamma radiation shielding applications

In the present work, high density polyethylene (HDPE) matrix mixed with micro-sized and nano-sized Cadmium oxide (CdO) particles of different concentrations were prepared by compression molding technique. The aim of the study is to investigate the effect of particle size and weight percentage of CdO particles on the gamma radiation shielding ability of CdO/HDPE composites. The mass attenuation coefficients of pure HDPE, micro-CdO/HDPE and nano-CdO/HDPE composites were evaluated at photon energies ranging from 59.53 keV to 1408.01 keV using standard radioactive point sources [241Am, 133Ba, 137Cs, 60Co and 152Eu]. Adding micro and nano CdO particles to the HDPE matrix clearly increases the mass attenuation coefficients of the composites and the improvement is more significant at low γ-ray energies. The effect of particle size of CdO filler has an important role on the shielding ability of the composite. The experimental results reveal that, the composites filled with nano-CdO have better γ-radiation shielding ability compared to that filled with micro-CdO at the same weight fraction. A relative increase rate of about 16% is obtained with nano-CdO content of 40 wt% at 59.53 keV, which attributed to the higher probability of interaction between γ-rays and nanoparticles. From this study, it can be concluded that nano-CdO has a good performance shielding characteristic than micro-CdO in HDPE based radiation shielding material.

/pdf/gamma-attenuation-coefficients-of-nano-cadmium-oxide-high-3cv8nat5f6.pdf

Gamma Attenuation Coefficients of Nano Cadmium Oxide/High density Polyethylene Composites.

Unsaturated Polyester resin is reinforced with Bi2O3 up to 60% filler weight. The effect of bismuth oxide on gamma shielding ability of the composites is studied in terms of attenuation parameters using Ba-133, Cs-137, and Co-60 gamma ray sources. The results reveal that, the shielding property of the composite material increases with increase in the filler concentration and decreases with energy. The HVL, TVL, and relaxation length of the composites are found to decrease with increase in the filler concentration. It is found that, the shielding ability of 60% filled polymer composite is comparable to that of barite at low energy. The above polymer composite performs well at all energies and can act as an excellent gamma radiation shield for low energies and also proved to be light weight when compared to the conventional shielding materials. Thus, the gamma shielding ability of the UP resin is enhanced due to the addition of Bi2O3. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 134, 44657.

Role of bismuth oxide as a reinforcer on gamma shielding ability of unsaturated polyester based polymer composites

A water-based magnetite ferrofluid, with an average size of about 10 nm, was prepared in a first step by the chemical coprecipitation of ferrous and ferric salts. Oil-based styrene (St) magnetite ferrofluid was obtained by the acidification of the water-based magnetite ferrofluid and the dispersion of the acidified magnetite in St. Magnetic polymeric composite particles (MPCPs) were prepared by miniemulsion polymerization in the presence of the oil-based St magnetite ferrofluid with hexadecane as a hydrophobe, 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile as an initiator, and sodium dodecyl sulfate as an emulsifier. Methacrylic acid was used as a comonomer, and hydroxyethyl cellulose and polyvinylpyrrolidone were used as aid stabilizers subsequently. With the aim of improving the encapsulation degree of magnetite, avoiding pure polymer particles and exposed magnetite particles, and obtaining the narrowest particle size distributions, the encapsulation conditions of magnetite were investigated in detail. The results show that miniemulsion polymerization is an effective method for encapsulating magnetite into a hydrophobic polymer successfully. Exposed magnetite particles and pure polymer particles can be avoided completely by the selection of the appropriate preparation conditions. All the resulting MPCPs exhibited superparamagnetism and possessed some magnetic response. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 4187–4203, 2006

Preparation and characterization of magnetic polymeric composite particles by miniemulsion polymerization

Composites of styrene-butadiene rubber were prepared with three different types of lead oxide, namely, monolead oxide (PbO), lead dioxide (PbO 2 ), and red lead oxide (Pb 3 O 4 ). Concentrations of Pb 3 O 4 ranging between 17 and 88 wt% were utilized, whereas 87 wt% was used for PbO and PbO 2 . The prepared composites were investigated for their gamma radiation shielding properties. Moreover, physical and mechanical properties, and electrical conductivity were measured for both the unirradiated and irradiated composites. The highest value obtained for the linear absorption coefficient was 0.424 cm −1 for 88% Pb 3 O 4

Styrene–butadiene rubber/lead oxide composites as gamma radiation shields

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Styrene–butadiene rubber/lead oxide composites as gamma radiation shields