Silica nanoparticles (SNPs) are produced on an industrial scale and are an addition to a growing number of commercial products. SNPs also have great potential for a variety of diagnostic and therapeutic applications in medicine. Contrary to the well-studied crystalline micron-sized silica, relatively little information exists on the toxicity of its amorphous and nano-size forms. Because nanoparticles possess novel properties, kinetics and unusual bioactivity, their potential biological effects may differ greatly from those of micron-size bulk materials. In this review, we summarize the physico-chemical properties of the different nano-sized silica materials that can affect their interaction with biological systems, with a specific emphasis on inhalation exposure. We discuss recent in vitro and in vivo investigations into the toxicity of nanosilica, both crystalline and amorphous. Most of the in vitro studies of SNPs report results of cellular uptake, size- and dose-dependent cytotoxicity, increased reactive oxygen species levels and pro-inflammatory stimulation. Evidence from a limited number of in vivo studies demonstrates largely reversible lung inflammation, granuloma formation and focal emphysema, with no progressive lung fibrosis. Clearly, more research with standardized materials is needed to enable comparison of experimental data for the different forms of nanosilicas and to establish which physico-chemical properties are responsible for the observed toxicity of SNPs.

/pdf/the-nanosilica-hazard-another-variable-entity-20k22g6ml1.pdf

The nanosilica hazard: another variable entity

New stories of zeolite structures: their descriptions, determinations, predictions, and evaluations.

Zeolites have been widely used as catalysts, ion exchangers, and adsorbents since their industrial breakthrough in the 1950s and continue to be state-of the-art adsorbents in many separation processes. Furthermore, their properties make them materials of choice for developing and emerging separation applications. The aim of this review is to put into context the relevance of zeolites and their use and prospects in adsorption technology. It has been divided into three different sections, i.e., zeolites, adsorption on nanoporous materials, and chemical separations by zeolites. In the first section, zeolites are explained in terms of their structure, composition, preparation, and properties, and a brief review of their applications is given. In the second section, the fundamentals of adsorption science are presented, with special attention to its industrial application and our case of interest, which is adsorption on zeolites. Finally, the state-of-the-art relevant separations related to chemical and energy production, in which zeolites have a practical or potential applicability, are presented. The replacement of some of the current separation methods by optimized adsorption processes using zeolites could mean an improvement in terms of sustainability and energy savings. Different separation mechanisms and the underlying adsorption properties that make zeolites interesting for these applications are discussed.

Zeolites in Adsorption Processes: State of the Art and Future Prospects

The development of synthetic routes to hierarchically organized porous materials containing multiple, discrete sets of pores having disparate length scales is of high interest for a wide range of applications. One possible route towards the formation of multilevel porous architectures relies on the processing of condensable, network forming precursors (sol–gel processes) in the presence of molecular porogens, lyotropic mesophases, supramolecular architectures, emulsions, organic polymers, or ice. In this review the focus is on sol–gel processing of inorganic and organic precursors with concurrently occurring microscopic and/or macroscopic phase separation for the formation of self-supporting monoliths. The potential and the limitations of the solution-based approaches is presented with special emphasis to recent examples of hierarchically organized silica, metal oxides and phosphates as well as carbon monoliths.

Sol-gel synthesis of monolithic materials with hierarchical porosity.

Zeolites are a family of microporous crystalline materials, which, since the 1940s, have had an indispensable role in the chemical industry as catalysts, adsorbents and ion exchangers. Advances in synthetic methodologies and characterization techniques have enabled the fabrication of new zeolitic materials, with emerging applications in diverse areas. By tuning their porous architectures, framework compositions and crystal morphologies, coupled with the incorporation of exotic active species, zeolites and zeolite-based materials have exhibited unprecedentedly high performance in many challenging processes. In this Review, we focus on the high-efficiency catalytic production of industrially important hydrocarbons and oxygenates using non-petrochemical feedstocks, energy-efficient separations of hydrocarbon mixtures that are difficult using conventional methods and materials, and host–guest assemblies that exhibit physical properties unprecedented to either the zeolite hosts or free guest species. Finally, we provide our perspectives on future directions for the development of zeolitic materials to meet the ever-growing demands from diverse fields. New zeolitic materials have shown high performance in emerging applications across diverse areas. This Review focuses on the advances in zeolite applications, including the catalytic production of hydrocarbons and oxygenates from non-petrochemical feedstocks, the efficient separation of hydrocarbon mixtures that are otherwise challenging, and host–guest assemblies with unprecedented physical properties.

Emerging applications of zeolites in catalysis, separation and host–guest assembly

https://old.iupac.org/publications/pac/2001/pdf/7302x0381.pdf

Nomenclature of structural and compositional characteristics of ordered microporous and mesoporous materials with inorganic hosts

Ordered microporous and mesoporous materials with inorganic hosts: definitions of terms, formula notation, and systematic classification

Microporous materials of the nth-order: new classes of poroates

Erratum to: “Ordered microporous and mesoporous materials with inorganic hosts: definition of terms, formula notation, and systematic classification” [Microporous and Mesoporous Materials 58 (2003) 15–72]

A system of terms applicable to ordered microporous and mesoporous materials is proposed, and rules for writing a standardized crystal chemical formula for such materials are presented. The recommendations are based both on common usage and on a systematic classification scheme. The nomenclature has been developed to encompass all inorganic materials with ordered, accessible pores with free diameters of less than 50 nm. The crystal chemical formula describes the chemical composition of both the guest species and the host, the structure of the host, the structure of the pore system, and the symmetry of the material. This formula can be simplified or expanded to suit the user's requirements.

/pdf/nomenclature-of-structural-and-compositional-characteristics-55cq1cxqk1.pdf

Nomenclature of structural and compositional characteristics of ordered microporous and mesoporous materials with inorganic hosts(IUPAC Recommendations 2001)

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