The flagella staining technique to be described is a modification and perfection of that originally published by the author in 1930. The arrangement and, to a lesser extent, the shape of flagella are of considerable taxonomic importance. Flagellar arrangement seems to be a characteristic of sufficient stability and distinctiveness to justify the classification of flagellated bacteria into several groups. Only rarely, and then mainly with very poorly flagellated bacteria, is the flagellar arrangement difficult to determine. Mutation from one type of flagellar arrangement to another has not, to my knowledge, been described and confirmed. Variation from flagellated to nonflagellated types is common in some groups of bacteria, and several instances have been recorded of loss of motility without loss of flagella (Knaysi, 1933; Kauffmann, 1939; Edwards et al., 1946; Hirsch, 1947; Friewer and Leifson, 1951). The shape of the flagella on an organism, while usually quite characteristic, may be modified somewhat by the environment and also may undergo distinct mutational variation (personal observation). A comprehensive review of the literature is given by Houwink and Van Iterson (1950).

Staining, shape and arrangement of bacterial flagella.

SUMMARY: Phage lysates of a salmonella strain can transduce flagellar characters from that strain to a second strain which absorbs the phage. Non-motile strains treated with lysates o other strains produced stable motile forms detected as spreading swarms in semi-solid agar.
O strains of known species produced swarms with the H antigens characteristic of theirown species, and the species of previously untypable O isolates could be inferred from the H antigens of their induced swarms.
The production of swarms by O strains when treated with lysates of other O strains divided nine Salmonella typhimurium O strains into six interacting groups; there are therefore at least six non-homologous genetic factors, mutation of any of which may cause absence of flagella, thus masking other genes which control H antigenic specificity.
Two flagellated but non-motile strains produced motile forms when treated with lysates of other strains, or of each other. At least two genes concerned with locomotor function are thus recognized. All the motile derivatives of one O strain spread very slowly through semi-solid agar; the ability to spread rapidly could be transduced to them by a second exposure to a lysate.
In exceptional instances two flagellar characters were simultaneously transduced: three O strains sometimes acquired a flagellar antigen from the donor strain at the same time as the H character; another O strain sometimes acquired simultaneously flagellation and the slow-spreading character.
There are therefore many distinct genes controlling the presence, antigenic character and function of the flagella. They may form part of an ordered gene array in which pairs of genes which are sometimes simultaneously transduced by a single phage particle are presumably closely linked.

Transduction of flagellar characters in Salmonella.

Bacteria move by a variety of mechanisms, but the best understood types of motility are powered by flagella (72). Flagella are complex machines embedded in the cell envelope that rotate a long extr...

Functional Regulators of Bacterial Flagella.

Hatchery hygiene evaluation by microbiological examination of hatchery samples

Antibiotic resistance of Salmonella isolated from hog, beef, and chicken carcass samples from provincially inspected abattoirs in Ontario.

Die serologische salmonella‐diagnose

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Die serologische salmonella‐diagnose