Uncomplicated urinary tract infections (uUTIs) are common in adult women across the entire age spectrum, with mean annual incidences of approximately 15% and 10% in those aged 15-39 and 40-79 years, respectively. By definition, UTIs in males or pregnant females and those associated with risk factors known to increase the risk of infection or treatment failure (e.g. acquisition in a hospital setting, presence of an indwelling urinary catheter, urinary tract instrumentation/interventions, diabetes mellitus or immunosuppression) are not considered herein. The majority of uUTIs are caused by Escherichia coli (70-95%), with Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella spp. and Staphylococcus saprophyticus accounting for 1-2%, 1-2% and 5-10% of infections, respectively. If clinical signs and symptoms consistent with uUTI are present (e.g. dysuria, frequency, back pain or costovertebral angle tenderness) and there is no vaginal discharge or irritation present, the likelihood of uUTI is >90-95%. Laboratory testing (i.e. urinary nitrites, leukocyte esterase, culture) is not necessary in this circumstance and empirical treatment can be initiated. The ever-increasing incidence of antimicrobial resistance of the common uropathogens in uUTI has been and is a continuing focus of intensive study. Resistance to cotrimoxazole (trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole) has made the empirical use of this drug problematic in many geographical areas. If local uropathogen resistance rates to cotrimoxazole exceed 10-25%, empirical cotrimoxazole therapy should not be utilized (fluoroquinolones become the new first-line agents). In a few countries, uropathogen resistance rates to the fluoroquinolones now exceed 10-25%, rendering empirical use of fluoroquinolones problematic. With the exception of fosfomycin (a second-line therapy), single-dose therapy is not recommended because of suboptimal cure rates and high relapse rates. Cotrimoxazole and the fluoroquinolones can be administered in 3-day regimens. Nitrofurantoin, a second-line therapy, should be given for 7 days. beta-Lactams are not recommended because of suboptimal clinical and bacteriological results compared with those of non-beta-lactams. If a beta-lactam is chosen, it should be given for 7 days. Management of uUTIs can frequently be triaged to non-physician healthcare personnel without adverse clinical consequences, resulting in substantial cost savings. It can be anticipated that the optimal approach to the management of uUTIs will change substantially in the future as a consequence of antimicrobial resistance.

Contemporary management of uncomplicated urinary tract infections.

The spectrum of low‐frequency, m= ±1 oscillations in a cold, collisionless, cylindrical plasma comprises the frequencies of the lowest radial eigenmodes and the surface modes of the fast magnetosonic wave, all the global eigenmodes of the Alfven wave (ion‐cyclotron wave), and the Alfven continuum. The spectrum of a homogeneous, currentless plasma cylinder is obtained from an analytical dispersion relation. This spectrum is compared with numerically obtained spectra of nonuniform plasmas with and without axial current. The connection of the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) kink and internal kink instabilities with the global eigenmodes of the Alfven wave is evidenced. Among all the modes of the magnetosonic wave which have frequencies in the Alfven continuum, the (m= −1, k<0) ‐surface mode is the best candidate for antenna–plasma coupling because its conversion layer is located well into the plasma interior.

/pdf/spectrum-of-low-frequency-nonaxisymmetric-oscillations-in-a-v9vnyluxx0.pdf

Spectrum of low‐frequency, nonaxisymmetric oscillations in a cold, current‐carrying plasma column

The detailed experimental data obtained on the TCA tokamak [Proceedings of the 11th Symposium on Fusion Technology (CEC, Luxembourg, 1981), Vol. I, p. 601] concerning the antenna loading and wave fields as a function of the Alfven wave spectrum are presented. The plasma density, plasma current, working gas, toroidal magnetic field, and frequency were varied systematically and the detailed results are compiled and discussed. In addition the phasing of the antenna currents was varied systematically, thereby exciting different combinations of modes, including pure traveling waves. The conclusions relevant to the design of an antenna system have been stressed.

The Alfvén wave spectrum as measured on a tokamak

Reference CRPP-ARTICLE-1983-008View record in Web of Science Record created on 2008-04-16, modified on 2017-05-12

Geometrical effects on resonant absorption of MHD-waves

Previous discussions of Alfven wave propagation across an inhomogeneous plasma predicted that shear Alfven waves become singular (resonant) at the omega = k(z)v(A) layer and that there is a strong wave absorption at this layer giving localized ion heating. In this paper the three standard derivations of the Alfven 'resonance' (incompressible magnetohydrodynamics, compressible magnetohydrodynamics, and two-fluid) are re-examined and shown to have errors and be mutually inconsistent. Exact two-fluid differential equations for waves propagating across a cold inhomogeneous plasma are derived; these show that waves in an ideal cold plasma do not become 'resonant' at the Alfven layer so that there is no wave absorption or localized heating. These equations also show that the real 'shear' Alfven wave differs in substance from both the ideal MHD and earlier two-fluid predictions and, in the low density, high field region away from the omega = k(z)v(A) layer, is actually a quasielectrostatic resonance cone mode. For omega much-lesser-than omega(ci) and k(y) = 0, the omega = k(z)v(A) layer turns out to be a cutoff (reflecting) layer for both the 'shear' and compressional modes (and not a resonance layer). For finite omega/omega(ci) and k(y) = 0 this layer becomes a region of wave inaccessibility. For omega much-lesser-than omega(ci) and finite k(y) there is strong coupling between shear and compressional modes, but still no resonance.

/pdf/alfven-resonance-reconsidered-exact-equations-for-wave-7wqmx8ojyr.pdf

Alfvén ‘resonance’ reconsidered: Exact equations for wave propagation across a cold inhomogeneous plasma

In this paper, we present the most recent results obtained during the Alfven wave Heating experiments being carried out on the TCA Tokamak. We have obtained both significant electron heating and some ion heating using rf powers up to 230 kW, greater than the value of the ohmic heating power in the target plasma. Firstly, we shall describe the AWH method as applied to TCA and then briefly cover some of the low power experiments carried out during the last year. The higher power experiments will then be discussed, along with some of the problems we have encountered.

Recent Alfven-Wave Heating Results on the Tca Tokamak

Recent Alfven wave heating results on the TCA tokamak

Observation of fast current fluctuations during internal disruptions in TCA, by using Alfvén wave diagnostics

Reference CRPP-ARTICLE-1983-034View record in Web of Science Record created on 2008-04-16, modified on 2017-12-10

Identification of Types of Alfven Waves

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Papers

Recent Alfven-Wave Heating Results on the Tca Tokamak

Recent Alfven wave heating results on the TCA tokamak

Observation of fast current fluctuations during internal disruptions in TCA, by using Alfvén wave diagnostics

Identification of Types of Alfven Waves