Polymeric Materials for Bone and Cartilage Repair

Cellulose is a fascinating biopolymer of almost inexhaustible quantity. While being a lightweight material, it shows outstanding values of strength and stiffness when present in its native form. Unsurprisingly, cellulose fibre has been rigorously investigated as a reinforcing component in biocomposites. In recent years, however, a new class of monocomponent composites based on cellulosic materials, so-called all-cellulose composites (ACCs) have emerged. These new materials promise to overcome the critical problem of fibre–matrix adhesion in biocomposites by using chemically similar or identical cellulosic materials for both matrix and reinforcement. A number of papers scattered throughout the polymer, composites and biomolecular science literature have been published describing non-derivatized and derivatized ACCs. Exceptional mechanical properties of ACCs have been reported that easily exceed those of traditional biocomposites. Several different processing routes have been applied to the manufacture of ACCs using a broad range of different solvent systems and raw materials. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review of the background chemistry and various cellulosic sources investigated, various synthesis routes, phase transformations of the cellulose, and mechanical, viscoelastic and optical properties of ACCs. The current difficulties and challenges of ACCs are clearly outlined, pointing the way forward for further exploration of this interesting subcategory of biocomposites.

A critical review of all-cellulose composites

Bacterial cellulose as a material for wound treatment: Properties and modifications. A review

Bacterial cellulose produced by few but specific microbial genera is an extremely pure natural exopolysaccharide. Besides providing adhesive properties and a competitive advantage to the cellulose over-producer, bacterial cellulose confers UV protection, ensures maintenance of an aerobic environment, retains moisture, protects against heavy metal stress, etc. This unique nanostructured matrix is being widely explored for various medical and nonmedical applications. It can be produced in various shapes and forms because of which it finds varied uses in biomedicine. The attributes of bacterial cellulose such as biocompatibility, haemocompatibility, mechanical strength, microporosity and biodegradability with its unique surface chemistry make it ideally suited for a plethora of biomedical applications. This review highlights these qualities of bacterial cellulose in detail with emphasis on reports that prove its utility in biomedicine. It also gives an in-depth account of various biomedical applications ranging from implants and scaffolds for tissue engineering, carriers for drug delivery, wound-dressing materials, etc. that are reported until date. Besides, perspectives on limitations of commercialisation of bacterial cellulose have been presented. This review is also an update on the variety of low-cost substrates used for production of bacterial cellulose and its nonmedical applications and includes patents and commercial products based on bacterial cellulose.

Applications of bacterial cellulose and its composites in biomedicine

Mechanical, moisture absorption, and biodegradation behaviours of bacterial cellulose fibre-reinforced starch biocomposites

Biomimetic synthesis of hydroxyapatite/bacterial cellulose nanocomposites for biomedical applications

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Biomimetic synthesis of hydroxyapatite/bacterial cellulose nanocomposites for biomedical applications