Tuberculosis (TB) is one of three major infectious diseases, and the control of TB is becoming more difficult because of the emergence of multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant strains....

(1)H NMR-based metabolomic profiling in mice infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Betaine (BET) is a native compound widely studied as an antioxidant in agriculture and human health. However, the antioxidant mechanism of BET remains unclear. In this research, radical scavenging assays showed that BET had little free radical scavenging activity. However, the antioxidant activity of BET was confirmed by cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) and erythrocyte hemolysis assays. The results of quantitative PCR (qPCR) and enzyme activity determination kits showed that the antioxidant activity of BET was not due to the gene expression and activity of antioxidases. High-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) assessment of the effect of BET on sulfur-containing amino acid metabolism showed that BET increased the levels of nonenzymatic antioxidants,S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) and methionine (p < 0.05), via the regulation of the methionine–omocysteine cycle. Additionally, the three methyl groups of BET were found to play a key role in its antioxidant activity. The possible reason was that because of th...

Antioxidant Mechanism of Betaine without Free Radical Scavenging Ability.

The incidence of obesity is now at epidemic proportions and has resulted in the emergence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) as a common metabolic disorder that can lead to liver injury and cirrhosis. Excess sucrose and long-chain saturated fatty acids in the diet may play a role in the development and progression of NAFLD. One factor linking sucrose and saturated fatty acids to liver damage is dysfunction of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Although there is currently no proven, effective therapy for NAFLD, the amino sulfonic acid taurine is protective against various metabolic disturbances, including alcohol-induced liver damage. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the therapeutic potential of taurine to serve as a preventative treatment for diet-induced NAFLD. We report that taurine significantly mitigated palmitate-mediated caspase-3 activity, cell death, ER stress, and oxidative stress in H4IIE liver cells and primary hepatocytes. In rats fed a high-sucrose diet, dietary taurine supplementation significantly reduced hepatic lipid accumulation, liver injury, inflammation, plasma triglycerides, and insulin levels. The high-sucrose diet resulted in an induction of multiple components of the unfolded protein response in the liver consistent with ER stress, which was ameliorated by taurine supplementation. Treatment of mice with the ER stress-inducing agent tunicamycin resulted in liver injury, unfolded protein response induction, and hepatic lipid accumulation that was significantly ameliorated by dietary supplementation with taurine. Our results indicate that dietary supplementation with taurine offers significant potential as a preventative treatment for NAFLD.

https://www.physiology.org/doi/pdf/10.1152/ajpregu.00677.2010

Experimental evidence for therapeutic potential of taurine in the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

We investigated the antioxidant preventive effect of betaine on isoprenaline-induced myocardial infarction in male albino rats. Isoprenaline induced myocardial infarction was manifested by a moderate elevation in the levels of diagnostic marker enzymes (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase and creatine phosphokinase) and homocysteine in plasma of experimental rats. Significant rise in the level of lipid peroxidation with a concomitant decline in the levels of myocardial non-enzymic (reduced glutathione) and enzymic antioxidants (glutathione peroxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, catalase and superoxide dismutase) was also observed. Oral pretreatment with betaine significantly prevented isoprenaline-induced alterations in the levels of diagnostic marker enzymes and homocysteine in plasma of experimental groups of rats. It counteracted the isoprenaline-induced lipid peroxidation and maintained the myocardial antioxidant defense system at near normal. Histopathological observations also confirmed the protective effect of betaine against isoprenaline-induced myocardial infarction. The results of the present investigation indicate that the protective effect of betaine is probably related to its ability to strengthen the myocardial membrane by its membrane stabilizing action or to a counteraction of free radicals by its antioxidant property.

Antioxidant defense of betaine against isoprenaline-induced myocardial infarction in rats

Betaine treatment protects liver through regulating mitochondrial function and counteracting oxidative stress in acute and chronic animal models of hepatic injury

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of betaine or taurine on liver fibrogenesis and lipid peroxidation in rats. Fibrosis was induced by treatment of rats with drinking water containing 5% ethanol and CCl(4) (2 x weekly, 0.2 ml/kg, i.p.) for 4 weeks. Ethanol plus CCl(4) treatment caused increased lipid peroxidation and disturbed antioxidant system in the liver. Histopathological findings suggested that the development of liver fibrosis was prevented in rats treated with betaine or taurine (1% v/v in drinking water) together with ethanol plus CCl(4) for 4 weeks. When hepatic taurine content was depleted with beta-alanine (3% v/v in drinking water), portal-central fibrosis induced by ethanol + CCl(4) treatment was observed to proceed cirrhotic structure. Betaine or taurine was also found to decrease serum transaminase activities and hepatic lipid peroxidation without any change in hepatic antioxidant system in rats with hepatic fibrosis. In conclusion, the administration of betaine or taurine prevented the development of liver fibrosis probably associated with decreased oxidative stress.

Betaine or taurine administration prevents fibrosis and lipid peroxidation induced by rat liver by ethanol plus carbon tetrachloride intoxication.

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Betaine or taurine administration prevents fibrosis and lipid peroxidation induced by rat liver by ethanol plus carbon tetrachloride intoxication.