All species have an environmental niche, and despite technological advances, humans are unlikely to be an exception. Here, we demonstrate that for millennia, human populations have resided in the same narrow part of the climatic envelope available on the globe, characterized by a major mode around ∼11 °C to 15 °C mean annual temperature (MAT). Supporting the fundamental nature of this temperature niche, current production of crops and livestock is largely limited to the same conditions, and the same optimum has been found for agricultural and nonagricultural economic output of countries through analyses of year-to-year variation. We show that in a business-as-usual climate change scenario, the geographical position of this temperature niche is projected to shift more over the coming 50 y than it has moved since 6000 BP. Populations will not simply track the shifting climate, as adaptation in situ may address some of the challenges, and many other factors affect decisions to migrate. Nevertheless, in the absence of migration, one third of the global population is projected to experience a MAT >29 °C currently found in only 0.8% of the Earth’s land surface, mostly concentrated in the Sahara. As the potentially most affected regions are among the poorest in the world, where adaptive capacity is low, enhancing human development in those areas should be a priority alongside climate mitigation.

https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/117/21/11350.full.pdf

Future of the human climate niche.

Cognitive function defines performance in objective tasks that require conscious mental effort. Extreme environments, namely heat, hypoxia, and cold can all alter human cognitive function due to a variety of psychological and/or biological processes. The aims of this Focused Review were to discuss; 1) the current state of knowledge on the effects of heat, hypoxic and cold stress on cognitive function, 2) the potential mechanisms underpinning these alterations, and 3) plausible interventions that may maintain cognitive function upon exposure to each of these environmental stressors. The available evidence suggests that the effects of heat, hypoxia and cold stress on cognitive function are both task and severity dependent. Complex tasks are particularly vulnerable to extreme heat stress, whereas both simple and complex task performance appear to be vulnerable at even at moderate altitudes. Cold stress also appears to negatively impact both simple and complex task performance, however, the research in this area is sparse in comparison to heat and hypoxia. In summary, this focused review provides updated knowledge regarding the effects of extreme environmental stressors on cognitive function and their biological underpinnings. Tyrosine supplementation may help individuals maintain cognitive function in very hot, hypoxic, and/or cold conditions. However, more research is needed to clarify these and other postulated interventions.

/pdf/the-impact-of-different-environmental-conditions-on-1ka87hoo5r.pdf

The impact of different environmental conditions on cognitive function: a focused review

P3, Positive slow wave and working memory load : a study on the functional correlates of slow wave activity

Effects of moderate thermal environments on cognitive performance: A multidisciplinary review

Most professional and recreational athletes perform pre-conditioning exercises, often collectively termed a 'warm-up' to prepare for a competitive task. The main objective of warming-up is to induce both temperature and non-temperature related responses to optimize performance. These responses include increasing muscle temperature, initiating metabolic and circulatory adjustments, and preparing psychologically for the upcoming task. However, warming-up in hot and/or humid ambient conditions increases thermal and circulatory strain. As a result, this may precipitate neuromuscular and cardiovascular impairments limiting endurance capacity. Preparations for competing in the heat should include an acclimatization regimen. Athletes should also consider cooling interventions to curtail heat gain during the warm-up and minimize dehydration. Indeed, although it forms an important part of the pre-competition preparation in all environmental conditions, the rise in whole-body temperature should be limited in hot environments. This review provides recommendations on how to build an effective warm-up following a 3 stage RAMP model (Raise, Activate and Mobilize, Potentiate), including general and context specific exercises, along with dynamic flexibility work. In addition, this review provides suggestion to manipulate the warm-up to suit the demands of competition in hot environments, along with other strategies to avoid heating-up.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/23328940.2017.1356427

Sports and environmental temperature: From warming-up to heating-up

Sensory displeasure reduces complex cognitive performance in the heat

The main aim of this study was to test the relative organization of three of the stages of Sanders' 1990 information processing model: "features extraction", "response choice", and "motor adjustment". The variables influencing these stages: stimulus degradation, stimulus-response (SR) compatibility and preparatory period have been manipulated. Event related potentials (N100, N200, P300) and reaction time were recorded from ten healthy subjects, in a dichotic listening task. Reaction times are lengthened for degraded stimuli, in the absence of a preparatory period and for SR non compatible conditions. However, the interaction between preparatory period and stimulus degradation variables, suggests an overlapping of the corresponding stages contrary to Sanders' postulate. The non compatible condition increases the latency of N200 and P300 components. The results suggest that the response choice processing would be contemporary to the N200 component. They are discussed within the framework of models of early communication between sensory and motor systems.

Étude au moyen des potentiels évoqués tardifs de l'organisation des étapes sensorimotrices chez l'homme

Le stress est au centre de la psychopathologie et notamment des troubles du comportement alimentaire : il est a la fois symptome et cause de nombreux dysfonctionnements cognitifs ou comportementaux et constitue un facteur pathogene somatique majeur. Or la presente etude montre que le niveau de stress semble etroitement lie aux dysfonctionnements d’une bascule entre deux grands modes du fonctionnement mental superieur (automatique versus adaptatif), dont les substrats neurobiologiques ont ete mis en evidence en Imagerie par Resonance Magnetique fonctionnelle (IRMf). Elle expose tout d’abord les caracteristiques cognitives liees aux deux modes de fonctionnement consideres : un mode automatique de fonctionnement apparait adapte lors de situations simples et routinieres, tandis que le mode adaptatif ou prefrontal est approprie aux situations complexes et/ou inconnues. L’etude met donc en evidence, au travers de ses premiers resultats, le lien entre la persistance inadaptee du mode de fonctionnement dit automatique en situation de non controle (complexe et/ou inconnue) et l’apparition d’un etat de stress. Elle presente enﬁn les resultats d’une gestion cognitive des modes mentaux consideres sur le niveau de stress. Les premiers resultats de cette etude esquissent les contours d’une therapie neurocognitive du stress, s’interessant plus au contenant cerebral qu’au contenu cognitif.

Des neurosciences à la gestion du stress devant l'assiette

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Sensory displeasure reduces complex cognitive performance in the heat

Étude au moyen des potentiels évoqués tardifs de l'organisation des étapes sensorimotrices chez l'homme

Des neurosciences à la gestion du stress devant l'assiette