Abstract Recent progress in research on the cutting processes of wood is presented, particularly in regard to new methods of accomplishing an increase in volume recovery by sawmills. The suitability of modern fracture mechanics was demonstrated for the estimation of the cutting power for saws in which kerfs are different from saws used in cutting tests, and whereby the data of sawn material – such as the specific work of surface formation (toughness) and the shear yield stress – were determined. Cutting tests were carried out on the modern frame sawing machine (sash gang saw) for narrow-kerf sawing with the hybrid dynamically balanced driving system and elliptical teeth trajectory movement.

Recent progress in research on the cutting processes of wood. A review COST Action E35 2004–2008: Wood machining – micromechanics and fracture

A total of 230 logs from two species, red oak (Quercus rubra) and yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), were measured in five typical hardwood sawmills across West Virginia to evaluate log sawing practices and lumber recovery. Log characteristics such as length, diameter, sweep, taper, and ellipticality were measured in sawmills, while log scale and grade were determined by using the US Department of Agriculture Forest Service grading rules. The characteristics of sawing equipment, such as headrig type, headrig kerf width, and sawing thickness variation, were recorded during the measurement process. A general linear model was used to statistically analyze the relationship between lumber recovery and characteristics of logs and sawing practices. Results indicated that factors such as log grade, log diameter, species, log sweep, log length, and some two-factor interactions significantly affected lumber value and volume recovery.

Log sawing practices and lumber recovery of small hardwood sawmills in West Virginia

The primary purpose of this publication is to provide an overview of the information in the statistical literature on the different methods developed for fitting a Weibull distribution to an uncensored set of data and on any comparisons between methods that have been studied in the statistics literature. This should help the person using a Weibull distribution to represent a data set realize some advantages and disadvantages of some basic methods. It should also help both in evaluating other studies using different methods of Weibull parameter estimation and in discussions on American Society for Testing and Materials Standard D5457, which appears to allow a choice for the method to estimate the parameters of a Weibull distribution from a data set. Because in D5457 the method to estimate parameters is to some extent optional, the resulting fitted distribution used to derive the reference resistance properties of wood-based materials and structural connections might result in different values developed under the standard. The maximum-likelihood method appears to be the method that should be used as the default, with other methods requiring some type of justification for their use in wood utilization research.

https://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplgtr/fpl_gtr264.pdf

Procedures for estimation of Weibull parameters

Integration within the forest industry in Canada historically developed to optimize use of the available timber resource. Sawmill residues, which were at one time considered waste, changed into a sought-after resource for panel and pulp manufactures. With the downturn in the Canadian forest industry and the 46.5% decrease in nationwide sawn lumber production between 2004 and 2009, the potential for utilizing sawmill residues to develop novel markets presents itself with added encouragement from national and global pressures towards creating a sustainable bio-based economy. Scarcity of information related to quantity and quality of local sawmill residue feedstocks leads to a lack of reliable data that can be used by entrepreneurs to develop sustainable supply chains for this resource. The development of an easily updateable sawmill database for all provinces, Manitoba eastwards, is explained in detail along with the comprehensive presentation of a sawmill residue output calculation model for sawdust, bark,...

Current inventory and modelling of sawmill residues in Eastern Canada

Naturally durable heartwood products have smaller dimensional changes and are an environmentally friendly alternative to the use of preservatives. The present study explored the potential for the production of products containing heartwood from maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.). The study was based on 30 virtual maritime pine stems that were mathematically reconstructed including description of external shape, internal knot architecture, and heartwood. Stems were used as raw material input data for simulation of bucking and sawing. The impact of raw material characteristics and final products requirements on sawing yields was studied for production of components for glued laminated boards and for windows. Log and heartwood diameters were found to be the most influencing variables on final yields. The position of the log within the stem was also important, while log length did not influence final yields (around 5% batch yield for all length groups). The highest sawing yields, 13 percent of heartwood products from log total volume, were found with 3-m logs bucked between 3- and 9-m height of 83-year-old trees. There is potential for the production of maritime pine heartwood products with additional efforts to be done in log and product sorting.

Sawing simulation of maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) stems for production of heartwood-containing components

Sawmills can implement quality control procedures to lower their lumber target sizes and/or sawkerf widths, but the economic benefit of such programs has been uncertain. A methodology using sawmill simulation to estimate the value and volume recovery from changes in sawkerfs and target sizes is demonstrated. A specific example for an interior British Columbia sawmill producing dimension lumber is described. Reductions in target sizes and sawkerfs were shown to significantly increase mill revenues. Target size and sawkerf reductions were found to have a much larger effect on sawmill revenue than on volume recovery. Reductions in green target sizes are shown to have a significantly larger impact on mill net revenues and recovery than sawkerf reductions. It was also found that producing 1-inch lumber in the product line significantly increases lumber recovery, but has a minimal effect on mill net revenue. Equations were developed that predict the net effect in revenue and volume recovery of specific changes in target size and sawkerf for the study mill.

The influence of sawkerf and target size reductions on sawmill revenue and volume recovery.

Estimating various characteristics, such as selected quantiles or the parameters, of a probability distribution of structural lumber failure strength is critical to quality control during manufacturing operations and for reliability-based structural design. This paper presents and compares the performances (in terms of bias and root mean square error) of several alternative estimation methods when censored strength data are used in the statistical estimation process. This study concludes that the method of maximum likelihood is nearly universally superior to a regression method that appears to be in wide use in the lumber industry. Recommendations are made about the use of alternative strategies for implementing the maximum likelihood method. The results of this work will be valuable when selecting the best estimation method for a particular set of circumstances. The results also establish the foundation for a computer program that will use a rule-based expert system to facilitate the estimation process.

Parameter and quantile estimation for the distributions of failure strength of structural lumber

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The influence of sawkerf and target size reductions on sawmill revenue and volume recovery.

Parameter and quantile estimation for the distributions of failure strength of structural lumber