We have developed a low temperature, high resolution magnetic force microscope (MFM) using a quartz tuning fork that can operate in a magnetic field. A tuning fork with a spring constant of 1300 N/m mounted with a commercial MFM cantilever tip was used. We have obtained high resolution images of the stray magnetic fields exerted from grains with a spatial resolution of 15 nm and force resolution of 2 pN at 4.2 K. Tuning fork based magnetic force microscopes have the potential to be used at millikelvin temperatures due to their low power dissipation and high force sensitivity.

Low-temperature, high-resolution magnetic force microscopy using a quartz tuning fork

Magnetic force microscopy (MFM) allows one to image the domain structure of ferromagnetic samples by probing the dipole forces between a magnetic probe tip and a magnetic sample. The magnetic domain structure of the sample depends on the alignment of the individual atomic magnetic moments. It is desirable to be able to image both individual atoms and domain structures with a single probe. However, the force gradients of the interactions responsible for atomic contrast and those causing domain contrast are orders of magnitude apart, ranging from up to 100 Nm−1 for atomic interactions down to 0.0001 Nm−1 for magnetic dipole interactions. Here, we show that this gap can be bridged with a qPlus sensor, with a stiffness of 1800 Nm−1 (optimized for atomic interaction), which is sensitive enough to measure millihertz frequency contrast caused by magnetic dipole–dipole interactions. Thus we have succeeded in establishing a sensing technique that performs scanning tunneling microscopy, atomic force microscopy and MFM with a single probe.

qPlus Magnetic Force Microscopy in Frequency-Modulation Mode with milli-Hertz Resolution

We introduce a versatile method to control the quality factor Q of a conducting cantilever in an atomic force microscope (AFM) via capacitive coupling to the local environment. Using this method, Q may be reversibly tuned to within ∼10% of any desired value over several orders of magnitude. A point-mass oscillator model describes the measured effect. Our simple Q control module increases the AFM functionality by allowing greater control of parameters such as scan speed and force gradient sensitivity, which we demonstrate by topographic imaging of a VO2 thin film in high vacuum.

/pdf/microcantilever-q-control-via-capacitive-coupling-ipc6tb7g6s.pdf

Microcantilever Q control via capacitive coupling

A quartz tuning fork-based atomic force microscopy for investigating the tip–sample interactions at the nanoscale in the shear-force mode is described. Results of force interactions (damping and elastic forces) can be obtained from the amplitude-phase-distance spectroscopy measurements made with a tuning fork with a tungsten tip and a sample surface. The influence of the interaction between tip and sample using the quality factor as an indicator is investigated. Furthermore, a simple model shows that the extension of a tuning fork-based AFM can be applied to quantitative analysis of the properties of the sample surface.

Parameters of tip–sample interactions in shear mode using a quartz tuning fork AFM with controllable Q-factor

The use of a piezoelectric force sensor in the magnetic force microscopy of thin permalloy films.

We have performed magnetic force microscopy at various temperatures utilizing piezoelectric quartz tuning forks as probes. Due to their large force constants (∼104N∕m), quartz tuning forks are intrinsically less sensitive to force gradients than conventional cantilevers. However, we demonstrate that the technique of Q-control can be used to increase their sensitivity, making their use as probes for variable temperature magnetic force microscopy a viable option.

/pdf/variable-temperature-magnetic-force-microscopy-with-2omb06s4tv.pdf

Variable temperature magnetic force microscopy with piezoelectric quartz tuning forks as probes optimized using Q-control

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Variable temperature magnetic force microscopy with piezoelectric quartz tuning forks as probes optimized using Q-control