This is a review on theoretical and experimental studies on dielectric microcavities, which play a significant role in fundamental and applied research. The basic concepts and theories are introduced. Experimental techniques for fabrication of microcavities and optical characterization are described. Starting from undeformed cavities, the review moves on to weak deformation, intermediate deformation with mixed phase space, and then strong deformation with full ray chaos. Non-Hermitian physics such as avoided resonance crossings and exceptional points are covered along with various dynamical tunneling phenomena. Some specific topics such as unidirectional output, beam shifts, wavelength-scale microcavities, and rotating microcavities are discussed. The open microdisk and microsphere cavities are ideal model systems for the studies on wave chaos and non-Hermitian physics.

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Dielectric microcavities: Model systems for wave chaos and non-Hermitian physics

We report abnormally large positive and negative lateral optical beam shifts at a metal–air interface when the surface plasmon resonance of the metal is excited. The optimal thickness for minimal resonant reflection is identified as the critical thickness above which a negative beam displacement is observed. Experimental results show good agreement with theoretical predictions and the large observed bidirectional beam displacements also indicate the existence of forward and backward surface propagating waves at the surface plasmon resonance of the metal.

/pdf/large-positive-and-negative-lateral-optical-beam-bl9j40p1jy.pdf

Large positive and negative lateral optical beam displacements due to surface plasmon resonance

Applying Artmann's formula to a light beam in the TM state of wave polarization, we show analytically the existence of a large and negative Goos-Hanchen shift near the angle of the Brewster dip on reflection from a weakly absorbing semi-infinite medium. The shift is opposite that in the case of total internal reflection, and it can be an order of magnitude larger than a wavelength if the absorption of the reflecting medium is sufficiently weak. Examples are given, and the detectibility of the shift is discussed.

Large and negative Goos–Hänchen shift near the Brewster dip on reflection from weakly absorbing media

The Goos-H\"anchen shift between a supercritically incident beam and its reflection in a total-internal-reflection mirror comprising a material interface is well established. We experimentally demonstrate that the Goos-H\"anchen effect can also occur between the probe beam and the phase-conjugate beam in a phase-conjugate mirror. Controlled lateral displacements of up to $218\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$ were measured using photorefractive four-wave mixing with a frequency-detuned Gaussian probe beam.

Observation of the Goos-Hänchen Effect in a Phase-Conjugate Mirror

We introduce and investigate billiard systems with an adjusted ray dynamics that accounts for modifications of the conventional reflection of rays due to universal wave effects. We show that even small modifications of the specular reflection law have dramatic consequences on the phase space of classical billiards. These include the creation of regions of non-Hamiltonian dynamics, the breakdown of symmetries, and changes in the stability and morphology of periodic orbits. Focusing on optical microcavities, we show that our adjusted dynamics provides the missing ray counterpart to previously observed wave phenomena and we describe how to observe its signatures in experiments. Our findings also apply to acoustic and ultrasound waves and are important in all situations where wavelengths are comparable to system sizes, an increasingly likely situation considering the systematic reduction of the size of electronic and photonic devices.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1209/0295-5075/84/10008/pdf

Non-Hamiltonian dynamics in optical microcavities resulting from wave-inspired corrections to geometric optics

Evaluating Parameterizations for Turbulent Fluxes over the Landfast Sea-Ice Surface in Prydz Bay, Antarctica

A general expression for the Goos–Hanchen lateral shift of a Gaussian wave beam, applicable for incident angle θ equal to, near, or larger than the critical angle θc, is obtained It yields finite and smooth results around θc and coincides with Artmann’s classical result otherwise Another expression for the lateral shift of a different beam-field distribution is also obtained and shown to be quite similar to that of the Gaussian beam Comparisons with an existing theoretical expression and with available experimental data (for θ ≃ θc) are made Discussion of a different expression for θ away from θc obtained through an energy method is also presented

Goos–Hänchen effect around and off the critical angle

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Evaluating Parameterizations for Turbulent Fluxes over the Landfast Sea-Ice Surface in Prydz Bay, Antarctica

Goos–Hänchen effect around and off the critical angle