The National User Facility for Advanced Accelerator Experimental Tests II (FACET-II) at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory expands upon the experiments conducted at FACET. Its purpose is to build upon the decades-long experience developed conducting accelerator R at SLAC in the areas of advanced acceleration and coherent radiation techniques with high-energy electron and positron beams. This paper summarizes the motivations for the design and resulting capabilities of the FACET-II facility.

https://link.aps.org/pdf/10.1103/PhysRevAccelBeams.22.101301

FACET-II facility for advanced accelerator experimental tests

Since the initial development of charged particle colliders in the middle of the 20th century, these advanced scientific instruments have been at the forefront of scientific discoveries in high energy physics over the past 60 years. Collider accelerator technology and beam physics have progressed immensely and modern facilities now operate at energies and luminosities many orders of magnitude greater than the pioneering colliders of the early 1960s. In addition, the field of colliders remains extremely dynamic and continues to develop many innovative approaches. Indeed, several novel concepts are currently being considered for designing and constructing even more powerful future colliders. In this paper, we first review the colliding beam method and the history of colliders, and then present, in detail, the major achievements of operational machines and the key features of near-term collider projects that are currently under development. We conclude with an analysis of numerous proposals and studies for far-future colliders. The evaluation of their respective potentials reveals tantalizing prospects for further significant breakthroughs in the collider field.

Modern and Future Colliders

We measure the effects of transverse wakefields driven by a relativistic proton bunch in plasma with densities of 2.1×10^{14} and 7.7×10^{14}  electrons/cm^{3}. We show that these wakefields periodically defocus the proton bunch itself, consistently with the development of the seeded self-modulation process. We show that the defocusing increases both along the bunch and along the plasma by using time resolved and time-integrated measurements of the proton bunch transverse distribution. We evaluate the transverse wakefield amplitudes and show that they exceed their seed value (<15  MV/m) and reach over 300  MV/m. All these results confirm the development of the seeded self-modulation process, a necessary condition for external injection of low energy and acceleration of electrons to multi-GeV energy levels.

/pdf/experimental-observation-of-plasma-wakefield-growth-driven-4gjxm3bcvn.pdf

Experimental Observation of Plasma Wakefield Growth Driven by the Seeded Self-Modulation of a Proton Bunch.

We give direct experimental evidence for the observation of the full transverse self-modulation of a long, relativistic proton bunch propagating through a dense plasma The bunch exits the plasma with a periodic density modulation resulting from radial wakefield effects We show that the modulation is seeded by a relativistic ionization front created using an intense laser pulse copropagating with the proton bunch The modulation extends over the length of the proton bunch following the seed point By varying the plasma density over one order of magnitude, we show that the modulation frequency scales with the expected dependence on the plasma density, ie, it is equal to the plasma frequency, as expected from theory © 2019 authors Published by the American Physical Society

/pdf/experimental-observation-of-proton-bunch-modulation-in-a-t6jhb0eejp.pdf

Experimental Observation of Proton Bunch Modulation in a Plasma at Varying Plasma Densities.

This article first gives the authors' perspectives on how the field of plasma-based acceleration (PBA) developed and how the current experiments, theory, and simulations are motivated by long term applications of PBA to a future linear collider and an x-ray free electron laser. We then focus on some early applications that will likely emerge from PBA research such as electron beam radiotherapy, directional but incoherent x-ray beams for science and technology, near single cycle continuously tunable infrared pulses for spectroscopy, and non-perturbative quantum electrodynamics enabled by PBA electron beams. In our opinion, these near term applications could be developed within the next decade with a concerted effort by the community.

/pdf/perspectives-on-the-generation-of-electron-beams-from-plasma-4x5vvx9vzd.pdf

Perspectives on the generation of electron beams from plasma-based accelerators and their near and long term applications

High energy particle accelerators have been crucial in providing a deeper understanding of fundamental particles and the forces that govern their interactions. In order to increase the energy or reduce the size of the accelerator, new acceleration schemes need to be developed. Plasma wakefield acceleration, in which the electrons in a plasma are excited, leading to strong electric fields, is one such promising novel acceleration technique. Pioneering experiments have shown that an intense laser pulse or electron bunch traversing a plasma, drives electric fields of 10s GV/m and above. These values are well beyond those achieved in conventional RF accelerators which are limited to ~0.1 GV/m. A limitation of laser pulses and electron bunches is their low stored energy, which motivates the use of multiple stages to reach very high energies. The use of proton bunches is compelling, as they have the potential to drive wakefields and accelerate electrons to high energy in a single accelerating stage. The long proton bunches currently available can be used, as they undergo self-modulation, a particle-plasma interaction which longitudinally splits the bunch into a series of high density microbunches, which then act resonantly to create large wakefields. The AWAKE experiment at CERN uses intense bunches of protons, each of energy 400 GeV, with a total bunch energy of 19 kJ, to drive a wakefield in a 10 m long plasma. Bunches of electrons are injected into the wakefield formed by the proton microbunches. This paper presents measurements of electrons accelerated up to 2 GeV at AWAKE. This constitutes the first demonstration of proton-driven plasma wakefield acceleration. The potential for this scheme to produce very high energy electron bunches in a single accelerating stage means that the results shown here are a significant step towards the development of future high energy particle accelerators.

/pdf/acceleration-of-electrons-in-the-plasma-wakefield-of-a-wuke8xopch.pdf

Acceleration of electrons in the plasma wakefield of a proton bunch.

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Acceleration of electrons in the plasma wakefield of a proton bunch.