Diuretics are drugs that increase the rate of urine flow and sodium excretion to adjust the volume and composition of body fluids. There are several major categories of this drug class and the compounds vary greatly in structure, physicochemical properties, effects on urinary composition and renal haemodynamics, and site and mechanism of action. Diuretics are often abused by athletes to excrete water for rapid weight loss and to mask the presence of other banned substances. Because of their abuse by athletes, diuretics have been included on The World Anti-Doping Agency's (WADA) list of prohibited substances; the use of diuretics is banned both in competition and out of competition and diuretics are routinely screened for by anti-doping laboratories. This review provides an overview of the pharmacology and toxicology of diuretics and discusses their application in sports. The most common analytical strategies currently followed by the anti-doping laboratories accredited by the WADA are discussed along with the challenges laboratories face for the analysis of this diverse class of drugs.

/pdf/the-abuse-of-diuretics-as-performance-enhancing-drugs-and-30k9ulvvvp.pdf

The abuse of diuretics as performance-enhancing drugs and masking agents in sport doping: pharmacology, toxicology and analysis

Simultaneous extraction and screening of diuretics, beta-blockers, selected stimulants and steroids in human urine by HPLC-MS/MS and UPLC-MS/MS

Nickel-catalysed decarbonylative borylation of aroyl fluorides

The reliability of ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC- MS/MS) for high throughput screening in anti-doping control has been tested. A method to screen for the presence of diuretics and other doping agents in urine has been optimised and validated. The extraction procedure consisted of an alkaline extraction (pH 9.5) with ethyl acetate and salting-out effect (sodium chloride). The extracts were analysed by UPLC-MS/MS. Analysis of 34 forbidden drugs and metabolites was achieved in a total run time of 5 min, using a C18 column (100 mm x 2.1 mm i.d., 1.7 microm particle size) and a mobile phase containing deionised water and acetonitrile with formic acid, with gradient elution at a flow-rate of 0.6 mL min(-1). Identification of the compounds was performed by multiple reaction monitoring, using electrospray ionisation in positive- or negative-ion mode. Precursor and product ions were studied for each compound and cone voltage and collision energy were optimised. Due to the different chemical structure of the compounds under study, extraction recoveries varied from less than 10% to 100% depending on the analyte. The limits of detection ranged from 50 ng mL(-1) to 200 ng mL(-1), and all the compounds comply with the requirements of quality established by the World Anti-doping Agency. Intra-assay precision was evaluated at two concentrations for each compound and, in most cases, a relative standard deviation of the signal ratio lower than 20% was obtained. The method has demonstrated to be reliable when analysing routine samples and the short analysis time resulting from a simple sample preparation and a rapid instrumental analysis allow a fast turn-around time and makes it of great interest for routine anti-doping control purposes.

High-throughput and sensitive screening by ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry of diuretics and other doping agents.

A direct screening procedure for diuretics in human urine by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with information dependent acquisition

pdf/fast-gas-chromatographic-mass-spectrometric-determination-of-26iltfezjz.pdf

Fast gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric determination of diuretics and masking agents in human urine: Development and validation of a productive screening protocol for antidoping analysis.

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Fast gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric determination of diuretics and masking agents in human urine: Development and validation of a productive screening protocol for antidoping analysis.