Globular proteins at solid-liquid interfaces.

Nanoparticle zeta-potentials are relatively easy to measure, and have consistently been proposed in guidance documents as a particle property that must be included for complete nanoparticle characterization. There is also an increasing interest in integrating data collected on nanomaterial properties and behavior measured in different systems (e.g. in vitro assays, surface water, soil) to identify the properties controlling nanomaterial fate and effects, to be able to integrate and reuse datasets beyond their original intent, and ultimately to predict behaviors of new nanomaterials based on their measured properties (i.e. read across), including zeta-potential. Several confounding factors pose difficulty in taking, integrating and interpreting this measurement consistently. Zeta-potential is a modeled quantity determined from measurements of the electrophoretic mobility in a suspension, and its value depends on the nanomaterial properties, the solution conditions, and the theoretical model applied. The ability to use zeta-potential as an explanatory variable for measured behaviors in different systems (or potentially to predict specific behaviors) therefore requires robust reporting with relevant meta-data for the measurement conditions and the model used to convert mobility measurements to zeta-potentials. However, there is currently no such standardization for reporting in the nanoEHS literature. The objective of this tutorial review is to familiarize the nanoEHS research community with the zeta-potential concept and the factors that influence its calculated value and interpretation, including the effects of adsorbed macromolecules. We also provide practical guidance on the precision of measurement, interpretation of zeta-potential as an explanatory variable for processes of interest (e.g. toxicity, environmental fate), and provide advice for addressing common challenges associated with making meaningful zeta-potential measurements using commercial instruments. Finally, we provide specific guidance on the parameters that need to be reported with zeta-potential measurements to maximize interpretability and to support scientific synthesis across data sets.

Guidance to improve the scientific value of zeta-potential measurements in nanoEHS

Non-equilibrium electric surface phenomena

For over half a century, alternating electric fields have been used to induce particle transport, furnishing the ζ-potential of analytes with sizes ranging from a few nanometers to several micrometers. Concurrent advances in nanotechnology have provided new materials for catalysis, self-assembly, and biomedical applications, all of which benefit from a thorough understanding of particle surface charge.Therefore, the measurement of the ζ-potential via electrophoretic light scattering (ELS) has become essential for nanoparticle (NP) research. However, the interpretation of NP electrophoretic mobility, especially that of ligand-coated NPs, can be a complex undertaking. Despite the inherent intricacy of these data, key concepts from colloidal science can help to distill valuable information from ELS.In this Account, we adopt PEGylated Au NPs as an illustrative example to explore extensions of the classical theories of Smoluchowski, Huckel, and Henry to more contemporary theories for ligand-coated NP systems s...

Nanoparticle ζ -Potentials

Dissociation of weak polymeric acids and bases

A theoretical analysis is given of the motion of solid non-conducting charged spheres through symmetrical electrolytes, under the action of an applied electric field. It is shown that the steady velocity of translation U may be written in the alternative forms U = $\underset 1\to{\overset \infty \to{\sum}}$c$\_{\nu}$Q$^{\nu}$ = $\underset 1\to{\overset \infty \to{\sum}}$ d$\_{\nu}\zeta ^{\nu}$, where Qe denotes the charge on a sphere and $\zeta $ the zeta-potential; the coefficients c$\nu $ and d$\nu $ are proportional to the applied field strength and depend upon the radius of the particle and the concentrations, valencies and mobilities of the ions in the electrolyte. A general method is given for calculating the c$\_{\nu}$ and d$\_{\nu}$ and the first four coefficients of each series found explicitly. Some quite general properties of the c$_{\nu}$ are also deduced. It is shown that under certain conditions, the terms of the series for U, apart from the first, are of considerable importance and must be taken into account in estimating $\zeta $ from U.

The Cataphoresis of Spherical, Solid Non-Conducting Particles in a Symmetrical Electrolyte

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The Cataphoresis of Spherical, Solid Non-Conducting Particles in a Symmetrical Electrolyte