Summary

Reason for performing study: An understanding of the normal events of foaling, causes of dystocia and clinical outcomes is important for equine practitioners.



Objectives: The goals of the present study were to: 1) evaluate factors that influence gestation length; 2) report duration of Stage II labour; 3) determine the frequency of dystocia and premature placental separation; and 4) determine the relationship between problems at foaling and foal survival.



Materials and methods: Foaling records of 1047 mare births were evaluated.



Results: The average gestation length was 341 ± 0.3 days, with no effect of mare age or breed observed. Mares carrying male fetuses had a longer gestation (P≤0.001) than mares carrying female fetuses. A majority (52.8%) of mares foaled at night between 2000 h and 0200 h when the facility was quiet. Dystocia occurred in 10.1% of all births and the incidence rate was higher in Thoroughbred mares than in Quarter Horse mares. The most common cause of dystocia was abnormalities of fetal posture. A delay in foal delivery beyond 40 min of Stage II of labour was associated with a significant increase in foal mortality. In addition, an increase in foal morbidity and mortality was noted when the interval from birth to standing or birth to nursing was prolonged.



Conclusion: Early detection and rapid appropriate intervention are critical to foal survival in an equine dystocia.



Potential relevance: Equine veterinarians should counsel horse owners that early recognition of a foaling problem and rapid, appropriate intervention are critical to the survival of a foal.

Parturition, dystocia and foal survival: A retrospective study of 1047 births

Genetic correlations between gestation length, piglet survival and early growth

Assessment of inbreeding depression for body measurements in Spanish Purebred (Andalusian) horses

A retrospective study, based on 60,990 farrowing records from 35 commercial herds, was performed to determine the incidence of early parturition (<114 d) and to investigate the relationship between early parturition and total number of piglets born, number of piglets born alive and percentage of stillborn piglets per litter. The mean gestation length was 115.4 ± 1.62 d, and early parturition occurred in 10% of all farrowing records. Sows with early parturition had significantly more stillborn piglets and a larger litter size compared to sows with a normal gestation length (114-117 d). Sows with a gestation length <114 d were 1.2 times (95% CI: 1.19-1.21; p<0.001) more likely to have an early parturition at the subsequent parity. A second study was performed in four herds (n=329) to investigate the efficacy of altrenogest administration on 110-112 d (T112) or 111-113 d (T113) of gestation for preventing early parturition and to investigate the effect of this treatment on the reproductive performance of sows. The interval between the last altrenogest treatment and the onset of parturition was 3.3 ± 1.32 (T112) or 2.0 ± 0.89 (T113) days. The gestation length of sows of the altrenogest group (T112 + T113) (115.3 ± 1.23 d) was significantly longer compared to gestation length of the non-treated sows (114.7 ± 1.69d) (p<0.01). Altrenogest treatment had no negative effect on the reproductive performances of the sows. In conclusion, the administration of altrenogest in late gestation is an effective and safe method to prevent early parturition and can counteract the reproductive losses because of premature farrowing, which may occur in a substantial part of the farrowing events.

Incidence and prevention of early parturition in sows.

Factors influencing gestational length in mares: A review

http://www.uco.es/genetica/MERAGEM/archivos/ocio/equinosocio3.pdf

Genetic study of gestation length in Andalusian and Arabian mares.

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Genetic study of gestation length in Andalusian and Arabian mares.