Arguably the greatest single work in the history of psychology. James's analyses of habit, the nature of emotion, the phenomenology of attention, the stream of thought, the perception of space, and the multiplicity of the consciousness of self are still widely cited and incorporated into contemporary theoretical accounts of these phenomena.

The Principles of Psychology

Des les descriptions princeps des Troubles du Spectre de l’Autisme (TSA), l’accent a ete mis sur les perturbations de l’identite subjective qu’il est possible d’etudier grâce a la conceptualisation de Conway qui fait interagir le self et la memoire autobiographique. En nous basant sur ce modele, nous avons explore les specificites du self dans les TSA Sans Deficience Intellectuelle (TSASDI) a travers l’etude de ses dimensions subjectives, conceptuelles et structurelles. Nos resultats retrouvent une atteinte du self au niveau structurel mais pas conceptuel ou subjectif. De plus, nous avons montre une atteinte de la fonction sociale de la memoire autobiographique et que les images de soi sociales appartenant au self etaient associees a des souvenirs qualitativement differents. Nos resultats nuancent l’alteration de la composante episodique de la memoire autobiographique et invitent a preciser l’influence des relations sociales sur le self et la memoire autobiographique dans ces troubles.

https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02457108/document

Les spécificités du self dans les troubles du spectre de l'autisme sans déficience intellectuelle à l'âge adulte

VINOGRADOV, SOURCE Am J Psychiatry MONITORING WILLIS-SHORE, 154:11, IN November SCHIZOPHRENIA POOLE, 1997 ET AL. Clinical and Neurocognitive Aspects of Source Monitoring Errors in Schizophrenia Sophia Vinogradov, M.D., Jason Willis-Shore, B.A., John H. Poole, Ph.D., Emily Marten, B.A., Beth A. Ober, Ph.D., and Gregory K. Shenaut, Ph.D. Objective: Source monitoring, an aspect of memory that involves judgments about the origin of information, has been found to be more prone to errors in schizophrenic subjects than in normal persons. To examine the precise nature of such errors and their relationship to clinical and neurocognitive variables, the authors compared schizophrenic and normal sub- jects. Method: Schizophrenic subjects who had been medication free for 1 week (N=26) and demographically matched normal subjects (N=21) performed a source monitoring task and were assessed on current psychiatric symptoms, IQ, and frontal lobe functioning. Results: The schizophrenic subjects had normal recognition memory of target words (recognition hits) and a normal generation effect but made more errors than the comparison subjects in identifying the source of target words. Specifically, the schizophrenic subjects made more errors in re- membering the source of new and self-generated items, and they tended to attribute items to an external source. In 11 retested subjects, these errors were stable and independent from medication status after a 2-year interval. Secondary analyses suggested that certain source monitoring errors may be associated with hostility and lower IQ. When the effect of IQ was controlled, correlations with frontal dysfunction were not significant. Conclusions: Schizo- phrenic subjects make significantly more source monitoring errors than normal subjects, but not because of problems with recognition memory hits or with the generation effect. This tendency may be trait like and may be related to hostility. Lower IQ in schizophrenia plays a partial role in these errors, but frontal dysfunction does not. (Am J Psychiatry 1997; 154:1530–1537) S ource monitoring is an aspect of memory that in- volves judgments about the origin, or source, of in- formation (for a review, see reference 1). The source of information is the spatial, temporal, and contextual characteristics of an event as well as the sensory modali- ties through which it was perceived. The term “moni- toring” implies that we retrieve and evaluate memories by using cognitive processes. The ability to discriminate among the sources of our memories allows us to re- member whether an event actually happened to us, whether we simply imagined it, or whether we were Received Jan. 21, 1997; revision received May 27, 1997; accepted June 4, 1997. From the Psychiatry Outpatient Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco. Address reprint re- quests to Dr. Vinogradov, Psychiatry Service (116C), Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 4150 Clement St., San Francisco, CA 94121; sophia@itsa.ucsf.edu (e-mail). Supported in part by a grant from the Scottish Rite Schizophrenia Research Program and by a Health Services Research and Develop- ment Ancillary Funding Award from the Department of Veterans Af- fairs to Dr. Vinogradov. The authors thank Leora Benioff, Ph.D., and Henry Skinner, B.A., for their help in screening, assessing, and testing subjects. told about it. In everyday life, source monitoring helps us to understand the origins of our own opinions and beliefs and thus contributes to our decisions and ac- tions. In addition, autobiographical recollection—the ability to remember specific events in one’s own life— depends on source memory attributions (1). Source memory and fact memory typically are independent functions (2). Johnson et al. (1) proposed a model in which source monitoring is based on the characteristics of the memories themselves in combination with judgment processes. Greater cognitive elaboration occurs when we actively form memories of imagined events, as con- trasted with the greater contextual and perceptual de- tail that occurs when we form memories for real events (3). Craik et al. (4) studied source amnesia (the forget- ting of the source of a memory) in normal elderly sub- jects and found that it correlated with age, verbal flu- ency, and perseverative errors on the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (5), but not with performance IQ or meas- ures of fact recall. They concluded that the relation be- tween mild degrees of frontal dysfunction and source amnesia is not secondary to general cognitive ineffi- Am J Psychiatry 154:11, November 1997

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Clinical and neurocognitive aspects of source monitoring errors in schizophrenia. - eScholarship

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La mémoire autobiographique et le self dans la schizophrénie

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La mémoire autobiographique et le self dans la schizophrénie