We propose a new integrated photovoltaic module technology and manufacturing process for the seamless integration into box body roofs of commercial trucks to unlock a 90.2 GW potential in the EU. Our approach is to laminate c-Si photovoltaic cells with an ETFE-top cover onto conventional GFRP-hard-foam sandwich elements, which can be directly installed with conventional box body profiles. We find that VIPV modules must be lead-free and report results of Hot-Spot, Wet-leakage test and insulation tests to prove the electrical safety of the new concept. We perform UV, DH and accelerated TC testing on minimodules and find a mean PMPP drop of 3.6% for PERC, ribbon soldered half-cell modules after accelerated TC200 due to finger failure and partial ribbon disconnections. We conclude that conventional soldered ribbon based interconnection in combination with polymer based cover materials lead to unfavorable thermomechanical stresses in TC. We propose the usage of interconnection technologies that are less sensitive to thermomechanical stresses like Multiwire or shingling as we find that the mean drop in PMPP of shingle modules to be 1%. PERC Solar cells encapsulated using the proposed module design remain stable after DH1000 and UV 60 kWh/m2. We equipped a Mega electronics e-Worker with a photovoltaic active box body featuring the first generation of proposed module technology and reported initial monitoring results after 10 months of outdoor operation.

Integrated Lightweight, Glass-Free PV Module Technology for Box Bodies of Commercial Trucks

Integrating photovoltaic technology has undergone significant development in recent years, owing to its manifold advantages. One of the most recent domains where this technology has found application is within the transportation sector. The utilization of this technology possesses the potential to initiate a new revolution in transportation by enhancing the range and reducing fuel consumption in vehicles. The performance of these systems is influenced by numerous factors, which have been thoroughly examined in this study. These factors have been categorized into three broad groups: installation site, solar cell characteristics, and environmental conditions. It is important to note that these conditions are inherently interdependent, so this study reveals that the radiation incident on the roof of a van can be 1.09–3.85 times greater than the radiation incident on its sides, according to varying meteorological conditions and different seasons. The current research serves as a valuable foundation for future investigations in this field, offering a targeted and practical overview of the work conducted thus far and summarizing the current state of research.

/pdf/investigation-of-effective-factors-on-vehicles-integrated-1plrogcf.pdf

Investigation of Effective Factors on Vehicles Integrated Photovoltaic (VIPV) Performance: A Review

The accurate computation of the irradiance incident on the surface of photovoltaic modules is crucial for the simulation of the energy yield of a photovoltaic system. Depending on the geometrical complexity of the surroundings, different approaches are commonly employed to calculate the irradiance on the photovoltaic system. In this article, we introduce a backward ray tracing simulation approach to calculate the irradiance on photovoltaic systems in geometrically complex scenarios. We explain how the repetition of time‐consuming simulation steps can be avoided with the proposed approach by storing a selection of the results from the most computationally expensive parts of the problem, and we show that the irradiance calculated with the proposed approach is in good agreement with the results of Radiance, a well‐established irradiance simulation tool. Furthermore, we present an experimental validation carried out using a pyranometer and a reference cell over a period of 6 months in a complex scenario, which shows errors lower than 5% in the calculation of the daily irradiation. Finally, we compare high‐resolution spectral simulations with measurements taken with a spectroradiometer under different sky conditions. The proposed approach is particularly well‐suited for the simulation of bifacial and tandem photovoltaic modules in complex urban environments, for it enables the efficient simulation of high‐resolution spectral irradiance in scenarios with time‐varying reflectance properties.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1002/pip.3614

Time‐varying, ray tracing irradiance simulation approach for photovoltaic systems in complex scenarios with decoupled geometry, optical properties and illumination conditions

Road transportation accounts for about 20% of the total GHG emissions in the EU. Nowadays, the substitution of conventional fossil fuel-based ICEs with electric engines, or their hybridization, operating along with Energy Storage Systems, seems to be the most appropriate measure to achieve reductions in both fuel consumption and GHGs. However, EVs encounter crucial challenges, such as long charging time and limited driving range. Hence, the transition to the mass adoption of EVs requires considerable effort and time. However, significant steps have been taken in the hybridization of road vehicles, with the aid of renewables and energy recovery/saving systems. In this context, this paper presents a comprehensive literature review of modern green technologies for GHG reduction that are applicable to road transportation, such as on-vehicle energy harvesting and recovery (e.g., thermal, kinetic, etc.) systems and the incorporation of RES into EV charging stations. The impact of road vehicles on the environment is discussed in detail, along with the EU roadmap towards the decarbonization of transportation. Next, methods and techniques for fuel consumption and GHG reduction are systematically presented and categorized into on-vehicle and off-vehicle ones. Finally, a future outlook on more environmentally friendly road transportation is presented.

/pdf/moving-towards-greener-road-transportation-a-review-3k7nhdtz.pdf

Moving towards Greener Road Transportation: A Review

Artificial Neural Networks Based Power Management for a Battery/Supercapacitor and Integrated Photovoltaic Hybrid Storage System for Electric Vehicles

We provide a general overview on vehicle integrated photovoltaics (VIPV) for passenger cars. Historic examples are reviewed to demonstrate that VIPV can provide an economic benefit due to the current and unique setting of very low solar cell costs and ambitious goals for electric vehicles. Subsequently, four guiding questions are addressed: 1. Which benefits are offered by VIPV, 2. Which potential costs are related to VIPV, 3. What are the challenges of VIPV and 4. What is the future potential of VIPV? It is shown that with a typical roof (1.7 – 2 m2) of a car equipped with solar cells, a solar driving distance of up to 1900-3400 km/year can be achieved and the cost for manufacturing such a solar module is estimated to be below 120 €/piece. Furthermore, using the full potential of solar integration in cars, a solar driving distance in the range of the yearly average driving distance of passenger cars in Germany (15,000 km/a) could be theoretically covered by VIPV.

Potential and Challenges of Vehicle Integrated Photovoltaics for Passenger Cars

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Potential and Challenges of Vehicle Integrated Photovoltaics for Passenger Cars

Integrated Lightweight, Glass-Free PV Module Technology for Box Bodies of Commercial Trucks