https://istina.msu.ru/media/publications/articles/573/a40/517515/X-Ray_Photoelectron_Spectroscopy_reference_data_for_C3N4.pdf

X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy reference data for identification of the C3N4 phase in carbon–nitrogen films

This paper reviews x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies on carbon nitride (CN) and reports on results obtained from CN thin films prepared by mass selected ion-beam deposition. The core-level spectra of samples deposited at room temperature show that nitrogen is incorporated into the amorphous network in two different bonding configurations; carbon has three main bonding configurations whose relative contributions vary as a function of the nitrogen content. For samples deposited at elevated temperatures an ordering of the amorphous CN network towards a crystalline graphitelike structure is observed. Furthermore, both deposition at elevated temperatures (350 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C) and post-deposition ion irradiation have a strong influence on the bonding configuration in the CN films. Based on these results and the results reported in the reviewed literature a picture of the microstructure of carbon nitride deposited using energetic species is developed.

Carbon nitride deposited using energetic species: a review on xps studies

Nitrogen (N)-doped graphene with different atomic percentages (2.3–4.7 at%) of N has been synthesized by thermal annealing of reduced graphene oxide (RGO) in ammonia gas for different times. The effects of annealing time on the structure, electrical and optical properties of N-doped graphene have been systematically investigated by using various analytical techniques. XPS, FTIR, Raman, and XRD studies show that there is a gradual structural change in N-doped graphene sheets with increasing annealing time, resulting from the increase of carbon and simultaneous decrease of oxygen and N contents. High resolution N1s spectra reveal that the pyridine-N and pyrrolic-N contents decrease with increasing annealing time, whereas the amount of quaternary-N increases. Importantly, it has been found that the annealing time caused significant changes in both the electrical and the optical properties of N-doped graphene. The electrical resistance of N-doped graphene is greatly reduced compared to that of GO and RGO, and found to further decrease with increasing annealing time, possibly due to the increase of sp2 carbon networks and decrease of oxygen content as well as defects associated with the incorporation of N. The room-temperature photoluminescence (PL) properties of graphene oxide (GO), RGO and N-doped graphene were systematically studied with regard to the annealing time. The results showed that the PL spectrum of GO exhibits a peak emission maximum at around 700 nm, while that of RGO is found to be strongly blue-shifted with two distinct emission peaks: green emission at 485–500 nm and blue emission at 420–428 nm. For N-doped graphene samples, the blue emission intensity could significantly be enhanced by controlling the annealing time, which leads to a promising blue and green light-emitting material with controllable optical properties.

Significant enhancement of blue emission and electrical conductivity of N-doped graphene

Bacterial biofilms are widely associated with persistent infections. High resistance to conventional antibiotics and prevalent virulence makes eliminating these bacterial communities challenging therapeutic targets. We describe here the fabrication of a nanoparticle-stabilized capsule with a multicomponent core for the treatment of biofilms. The peppermint oil and cinnamaldehyde combination that comprises the core of the capsules act as potent antimicrobial agents. An in situ reaction at the oil/water interface between the nanoparticles and cinnamaldehyde structurally augments the capsules to efficiently deliver the essential oil payloads, effectively eradicating biofilms of clinically isolated pathogenic bacteria strains. In contrast to their antimicrobial action, the capsules selectively promoted fibroblast proliferation in a mixed bacteria/mammalian cell system making them promising for wound healing applications.

Nanoparticle-Stabilized Capsules for the Treatment of Bacterial Biofilms.

Carbon films with up to 32 at. % of nitrogen have been prepared with ion beam assisted magnetron, using a N[sup +][sub 2]/N[sup +] beam at energies between 50 and 300 eV. The composition and density of the films vary strongly with the deposition parameters. EELS, SXS, XPS, and IR studies show that these a-C:N films are mostly graphitic and have up to 20% [ital sp][sup 3] bonding. Nitrogen is mostly combined with carbon in nitrile (C[equivalent to]N) and imine (C=N) groups. RBS and NDP show that density goes through a maximum as the average damage energy per incoming ion increases. Positron annihilation spectroscopy shows that the void concentration in the films goes through a minimum with average damage energy. These results are consistent with a densification induced by the collisions at low average damage energy values and induced graphitization at higher damage energy values. These results are similar to what is observed for Ar ion assisted deposition of a-C films. The mechanical properties of these films have been studied with a nanoindenter, and it was found that the hardness and Young's modulus go through a maximum as the average damage energy is increased. The maximum of mechanical properties correspondsmore » to the minimum in the void concentration in the film. Tribological studies of the a-C:N show that the friction coefficient obtained against diamond under dynamic loading decreases strongly as the nitrogen composition increases, this effect being more pronounced at low loads.« less

Physical properties of A-C:N films produced by ion beam assisted deposition

By a Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition process (PECVD), we are able to prepare nitrogenated amorphous carbon materials around room temperature from methane and nitrogen gas as precursors. We have also used chlorine gas as an additive to reduce the hydrogen content of our samples. Starting from the ''as-deposited'' materials, we have investigated their thermal stability by successive heat treatments up to 1400-degrees-C. These compounds suffer a weight loss mostly due to the hydrogen departure. They become nonfusible and it turns out that nitrogen, chemically bound to sp2 hybridized carbons, induces some changes in the physical properties. In order to understand the relationship between the local structural organization and the physical characteristics, we have investigated different spectroscopic techniques such as Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, IR Absorption, and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy. We have also investigated several transport properties: (i) The dc electrical conductivity shows a kind of metal/insulator transition around 700-degrees-C. The temperature dependence for the conductive samples gives evidence for a pseudogap associated with the presence of localized states. (ii) The thermal conductivity exhibits, for the as-deposited compound, a very low value varying slowly with temperature; its magnitude as well as its temperature dependence, characteristic of noncrystalline materials, are modified by the annealing process. Finally, an electronic band model is proposed, explaining the structural evolution through a kind of Mott-Anderson pseudotransition.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0884291400019610

Relationship between the structural organization and the physical properties of PECVD. nitrogenated carbons

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Relationship between the structural organization and the physical properties of PECVD. nitrogenated carbons