We found that the most suitable flooding disturbance model for regenerating Populus euphratica forest was two to three times per year with a duration of 15-20 days and an intensity of 25-30 m(3)/s. The flooding should take place during the seed emergence to young tree growth stages, and should be based on flooding experiments and data from vegetation quadrats and ecological water conveyance. Furthermore, we found that tree-ring width index for P. euphratica declined as the groundwater depth increased, and ascertained that the minimum groundwater depths for young trees, near-mature trees, mature trees and over-mature trees were 4.0 m, 5.0-5.4 m, 6.9 m and 7.8 m, respectively. These were derived from a quantitative relationship model between groundwater depth and tree-ring width index. The range for ecological water conveyance volume was 311-320 million m(3) in the lower reaches of the Tarim River. This study not only provides a technical basis for sustainable ecological water conveyance in the Tarim River Basin, but also offers a theoretical guide and scientific information that could be used in similar areas to regenerate and protect Populus euphratica around the world.

/pdf/how-to-regenerate-and-protect-desert-riparian-populus-148rf8b51l.pdf

How to Regenerate and Protect Desert Riparian Populus euphratica Forest in Arid Areas

Agroforestry for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services - Science and Practice

Leaf and fine root morphology and physiology have been found to vary considerably among tree species, but not much is known about intraspecific variation in root traits and their relatedness to leaf traits. Various aspen progenies (Populus tremula and P. tremuloides) with different growth performance are used in short-rotation forestry. Hence, a better understanding of the link between root trait syndromes and the adaptation of a deme to a particular environment is essential in order to improve the match between planted varieties and their growth conditions. We examined the between-deme (genetic) and within-deme (mostly environmental) variation in important fine root traits [mean root diameter, specific root area (SRA) and specific root length (SRL), root tissue density (RTD), root tip abundance, root N concentration] and their co-variation with leaf traits [specific leaf area (SLA), leaf size, leaf N concentration] in eight genetically distinct P. tremula and P. tremuloides demes. Five of the six root traits varied significantly between the demes with largest genotypic variation in root tip abundance and lowest in mean root diameter and RTD (no significant difference). Within-deme variation in root morphology was as large as between-deme variation suggesting a relatively low genetic control. Significant relationships existed neither between SLA and SRA nor between leaf N and root N concentration in a plant. Contrary to expectation, high aboveground relative growth rates (RGR) were associated with large, and not small, fine root diameters with low SRA and SRL. Compared to leaf traits, the influence of root traits on RGR was generally low. We conclude that aspen exhibits large intraspecific variation in leaf and also in root morphological traits which is only partly explained by genetic distances. A root order-related analysis might give deeper insights into intraspecific root trait variation.

/pdf/intraspecific-variation-in-root-and-leaf-traits-and-leaf-5bazy2sh1e.pdf

Intraspecific variation in root and leaf traits and leaf-root trait linkages in eight aspen demes (Populus tremula and P. tremuloides)

Populus euphratica is an important native tree found in arid regions from North Africa and South Europe to China, and is known to tolerate many forms of environmental stress, including drought. We describe cuticle waxes, cutin and cuticle permeability for the heteromorphic leaves of P. euphratica growing in two riparian habitats that differ in available soil moisture. Scanning electron microscopy revealed variation in epicuticular wax crystallization associated with leaf type and site. P. euphratica leaves are dominated by cuticular wax alkanes, primary-alcohols and fatty acids. The major cutin monomers were 10,16-diOH C16:0 acids. Broad-ovate leaves (associated with adult phase growth) produced 1.3- and 1.6-fold more waxes, and 2.1- and 0.9-fold more cutin monomers, than lanceolate leaves (associated with juvenile phase growth) at the wetter site and drier site, respectively. The alkane-synthesis-associated ECERIFERUM1 (CER1), as well as ABC transporter- and elongase-associated genes, were expressed at much higher levels at the drier than wetter sites, indicating their potential function in elevating leaf cuticle lipids in the dry site conditions. Higher cuticle lipid amounts were closely associated with lower cuticle permeability (both chlorophyll efflux and water loss). Our results implicate cuticle lipids as among the xeromorphic traits associated with P. euphratica adult-phase broad-ovate leaves. Results here provide useful information for protecting natural populations of P. euphratica and their associated ecosystems, and shed new light on the functional interaction of cuticle and leaf heterophylly in adaptation to more arid, limited-moisture environments.

Cuticle lipids on heteromorphic leaves of Populus euphratica Oliv. growing in riparian habitats differing in available soil moisture.

The variation of the morphological characters of bitter and sweet African bush mango trees (Irvingia species) was investigated in the Dahomey Gap which is the West African savannah woodland area separating the Upper and the Lower Guinean rain forest blocks. African bush mangoes have been rated as the highest priority multi-purpose food trees species that need improvement research in West and Central Africa. A total of 128 trees from seven populations were characterized for their bark, fruits, mesocarp and seeds to assess the morphological differences between bitter and sweet trees and among populations. Multivariate analysis revealed that none of the variables: type of bark, mature fruit exocarp colour, fruit roughness and fresh mesocarp colour, could consistently distinguish bitter from sweet trees in the field. The analysis of the measurements of fruits, mesocarps and seeds demonstrated that bitter fruits have the heaviest seeds and this consistently distinguishes them from sweet fruits. However, the measurements of the fruit, mesocarp and seed did not have a joint effect in grouping types and populations of ABMTs. This indicates high diversity with a potential for selection existing across all phytogeographical regions investigated. The sweet trees of Couffo and those of Dassa in Benin are clearly different from all other populations. This can be attributed to traditional domestication (bringing into cultivation) and climate, respectively. The large fruits and the heavy seeds of the cultivated populations are evidence of successful on-going traditional selection of sweet trees in the Dahomey Gap.

Morphological characterization of African bush mango trees (Irvingia species) in West Africa

Morphological variation in leaf traits of Populus euphratica Oliv. natural populations

Predicting past, current and future suitable habitat for endemic Hyrcanian species Populus caspica Bornm.

In order to evaluate the growth function of Populus nigra trees under homogeneous conditions, a total of individuals of P. nigra ( individuals per stand) were sampled from artificial stands in Kermanshah province and individuals of P. nigra ( individuals per stand) were sampled from artificial stands in Zanjan province. In order to assimilate the environmental conditions, seedlings were planted under randomized complete blocks design with replications in Karadj area. In growing season, height growths were measured in periods and diameter growths were measured in periods. The results showed no significant differences between the stands in term of height and diameter growths but there were significant differences between periods in terms of height and diameter growths. In total, the results of growth parameters measuring in P. nigra stands showed that the trees of the two provinces presented a fairly similar growth function during a growing season.

/pdf/study-of-growth-function-of-black-poplar-populus-nigra-with-nycvxx3il6.pdf

Study of Growth Function of Black Poplar (Populus Nigra) With Kermanshah and Zanjan Origin in Karaj Research Station

The effects of intercropping with alfalfa and initial tree spacing on vessel diameter and frequency in Populus nigra var. betulifolia are reported, on the basis of a study of fifteen trees. Material was harvested from anagroforestry trial near Karaj city, Iran. Treatments included four initial spacings between poplar trees intercropped with alfalfa as a nitrogenfixing plant, as well as one control treatment without alfalfa. Intercropping with alfalfa as well as increasing initial spacing had a positive effect on growth rate which in turn affected the diameter and frequency of the vessels. Intercropping with alfalfa resulted in increased vessel diameter and frequency; while wider initial spacing decreased the vessel frequency (VF), and to some extent the vessel lumen area percentage (VLA%), but increased vessel lumen diameter (VLD).

/pdf/the-effects-of-agroforestry-practices-on-vessel-properties-42g7g9nfz5.pdf

The Effects of Agroforestry practices on vessel properties in Populus Nigra var. Betulifolia

Understanding the function of poplar species under different irrigation regimes is critical for water resources and ecosystem sustainable management. This study was conducted in order to understand the performance (survival and height growth) of two poplar species (Populus alba L. and Populus caspica Bornm.) cuttings in two lengths (15 cm and 25 cm) under three irrigation treatments (7-day, 14-day and 21-day intervals). One trial was established using split-split-plot design with three replications. Every two weeks height and number of remaining cuttings were measured. Results showed the survival average at the end of periods for 7-day, 14-day and 21-day irrigation treatments were 83.33 %, 22.08 % and 0 %, respectively, for P. alba and P. caspica were 25.89 % and 44.39 %, respectively and for cuttings in 15 and 25 cm were 29.61 % and 40.66 % respectively. The results of two-way analysis of variance of the survival among cuttings indicated that the differences survival among cuttings were all marked under the four treatments and analysis of variance of the height growth indicated that except under the size treatment, the differences height growth among cuttings were all marked under the other three treatments.

Assessing the performance of Populus caspica and Populus alba cuttings under different irrigation intervals.

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