Estimates of carbon leaching losses from different land use systems are few and their contribution to the net ecosystem carbon balance is uncertain. We investigated leaching of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), and dissolved methane (CH4), at forests, grasslands, and croplands across Europe. Biogenic contributions to DIC were estimated by means of its δ13C signature. Leaching of biogenic DIC was 8.3±4.9 g m−2 yr−1 for forests, 24.1±7.2 g m−2 yr−1 for grasslands, and 14.6±4.8 g m−2 yr−1 for croplands. DOC leaching equalled 3.5±1.3 g m−2 yr−1 for forests, 5.3±2.0 g m−2 yr−1 for grasslands, and 4.1±1.3 g m−2 yr−1 for croplands. The average flux of total biogenic carbon across land use systems was 19.4±4.0 g C m−2 yr−1. Production of DOC in topsoils was positively related to their C/N ratio and DOC retention in subsoils was inversely related to the ratio of organic carbon to iron plus aluminium (hydr)oxides. Partial pressures of CO2 in soil air and soil pH determined DIC concentrations and fluxes, but soil solutions were often supersaturated with DIC relative to soil air CO2. Leaching losses of biogenic carbon (DOC plus biogenic DIC) from grasslands equalled 5–98% (median: 22%) of net ecosystem exchange (NEE) plus carbon inputs with fertilization minus carbon removal with harvest. Carbon leaching increased the net losses from cropland soils by 24–105% (median: 25%). For the majority of forest sites, leaching hardly affected actual net ecosystem carbon balances because of the small solubility of CO2 in acidic forest soil solutions and large NEE. Leaching of CH4 proved to be insignificant compared with other fluxes of carbon. Overall, our results show that leaching losses are particularly important for the carbon balance of agricultural systems.

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00599523/document

Dissolved carbon leaching from soil is a crucial component of the net ecosystem carbon balance

Terrestrial carbon export via inland aquatic systems is a key process in the global carbon cycle It includes loss of carbon to the atmosphere via outgassing from rivers, lakes or reservoirs and carbon fixation in the water column as well as in sediments This review focuses on headwater streams that are important because their stream biogeochemistry directly reflects carbon input from soils and groundwaters that becomes superimposed by additional inputs further downstream Major drivers of carbon dioxide partial pressures (pCO2) in streams and mechanisms of terrestrial dissolved inorganic, organic and particulate organic carbon (DIC, DOC, and POC) influxes are summarized in this work Our analysis indicates that the global river average pCO2 of 3,100 ppmV is more often exceeded by contributions from small streams when compared to rivers with larger catchments (>500 km2) Because of their large proportion in global river networks (>96 % of the total number of streams), headwaters contribute large – but still poorly quantified – amounts of CO2 to the atmosphere Conservative estimates imply that globally 36 % (ie 093 Pg C yr-1) of total CO2 outgassing from rivers and streams originate from headwaters We also discuss challenges in determination of CO2 sources, concentrations and fluxes To overcome uncertainties of CO2 sources and its outgassing from headwater streams on the global scale, new investigations are needed that should include groundwater data Such studies would also benefit from applications of integral CO2 outgassing isotope approaches and multi-scale geophysical imaging techniques

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/2016RG000547

A review of CO2 and associated carbon dynamics in headwater streams: a global perspective

Iinvestigated controls of stream dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) sources andcycling along a stream size and productivity gradient in a temperate forestedwatershed in northern California. Dissolved CO2 (CO2(aq))dynamics in heavily shaded streams contrasted strongly with those of larger,open canopied sites. In streams with canopy cover > 97%, CO2 (aq)was highest during baseflow periods (up to 540 μM) and wasnegatively related to discharge. Effects of algal photosynthesis on CO2(aq) were minimal and stream CO2 (aq) was primarily controlledby groundwater CO2 (aq) inputs and degassing losses to theatmosphere. In contrast to the small streams, CO2 (aq) in larger,open-canopied streams was often below atmospheric levels at midday duringbaseflow and was positively related to discharge. Here, stream CO2(aq) was strongly influenced by the balance between autotrophic andheterotrophic processes. Dynamics of HCO3
− werelesscomplex. HCO3
− and Ca2+ were positivelycorrelated, negatively related to discharge, and showed no pattern with streamsize. Stable carbon isotope ratios of DIC (i.e. δ13C DIC)increased with stream size and discharge, indicating contrasting sources of DICto streams and rivers. During summer baseflows, δ13C DIC were13C-depleted in the smallest streams (minimum of−17.7‰) due to the influence of CO2 (aq) derived frommicrobialrespiration and HCO3
− derived from carbonateweathering. δ13C DIC were higher (up to −6.6‰)inthe larger streams and rivers due to invasion of atmospheric CO2enhanced by algal CO2 (aq) uptake. While small streams wereinfluenced by groundwater inputs, patterns in CO2 (aq) and evidencefrom stable isotopes demonstrate the strong influence of stream metabolism andCO2 exchange with the atmosphere on stream and river carbon cycles.

http://angelo.berkeley.edu/wp-content/uploads/Controls-of-streamwater-dissolved-inorganic-carbon-dynamics-in-a-forested-watershed_Finlay_2002.pdf

Controls of streamwater dissolved inorganic carbon dynamics in a forested watershed

CO2 and H2SO4 consumption in weathering and material transport to the ocean, and their role in the global carbon balance

/pdf/applications-of-stable-water-and-carbon-isotopes-in-2bm02o8oxz.pdf

Applications of stable water and carbon isotopes in watershed research: Weathering, carbon cycling, and water balances

δ13C pattern of dissolved inorganic carbon in a small granitic catchment: the Strengbach case study (Vosges mountains, France)

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δ13C pattern of dissolved inorganic carbon in a small granitic catchment: the Strengbach case study (Vosges mountains, France)