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Veterinary Clinical Pathology.

Many of the plant species that are cultivated for food across the world are neglected and underutilized. To assess their diversity in Benin and identify the priority species and establish their research needs, a survey was conducted in 50 villages distributed throughout the country. The study revealed 41 neglected and underutilized crop species (NUCS) among which 19 were identified as of priority base on 10 criteria among which included their extent and degree of consumption. Reasons for neglect vary with the producers and the agricultural technicians. Market surveys revealed that NUCS are important source of household incomes and substantially contribute to poverty reduction. Review of the literature available revealed that most of the species are rich in nutrients and have some proven medicinal values and the promotion of their use would help in combating malnutrition and improving the health status of the local populations. The knowledge gaps and research needs are immense on most of the species identified as no concrete scientific data is nationally available. In terms of research, almost all has to be done starting from basic ethnobotanical investigation. The results will help the scientists and students willing to conduct research on NUCS in Benin to better orient their research programs.

/pdf/diversity-of-the-neglected-and-underutilized-crop-species-of-41ioom04kf.pdf

Diversity of the neglected and underutilized crop species of importance in Benin.

Cassava: Nutrient composition and nutritive value in poultry diets.

The consumption of animal by-products has continued to witness tremendous growth over the last decade. This is due to its potential to combat protein malnutrition and food insecurity in many countries. Shortly after slaughter, animal by-products are separated into edible or inedible parts. The edible part accounts for 55% of the production while the remaining part is regarded as inedible by-products (IEBPs). These IEBPs can be re-processed into sustainable products for agricultural and industrial uses. The efficient utilization of animal by-products can alleviate the prevailing cost and scarcity of feed materials, which have high competition between animals and humans. This will also aid in reducing environmental pollution in the society. In this regard, proper utilization of animal by-products such as rumen digesta can result in cheaper feed, reduction in competition and lower cost of production. Over the years, the utilization of animal by-products such as rumen digesta as feed in livestock feed has been successfully carried out without any adverse effect on the animals. However, there are emerging gaps that need to be further addressed regarding the food security and sustainability of the products. Therefore, the objective of this review highlights the efficacy and effectiveness of using animal by-products as alternative sources of feed ingredients, and the constraints associated with their production to boost livestock performance in the industry at large.

The Potential of Animal By-Products in Food Systems: Production, Prospects and Challenges

2 Abstract: The nutritional potentials of two green leafy vegetables namely, Crassocephalum crepidioides (CC) and Senecio biafrae (SB) were evaluated through their proximate composition, mineral and amino acid profile. Crassocephalum crepidiodies contained 27.17±0.51% crude protein (CP) while that of Senecio biafrae was 28.93±0.68% but were not significantly different (P > 0.05). The crude fibre content for SB was 7.26±0.22% while that of CC was 8.13±0.06%. The ash content for SB was 16.30±0.21% and 17.31±0.02% for CC. The nitrogen free extract (NFE) for SB was 20.81±1.36% while CC recorded a value of 19.03±0.56%. The organic matter (OM) for SB was 83.70±0.24% and CC had 82.69±0.02%. The mean values of the CP, ash, NFE and OM were not significantly different (P > 0.05). Iron (Fe) in CC was 0.056±0.006% and 0.029±9.60 x 10 % These values were not significantly different (P > 0.05). The mean values for manganese -4 . (Mn), sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca) in CC and SB were all significantly different (P < 0.05). Among all the minerals evaluated, K had the highest value of 0.07±2.0 x 10 %in CC -4 while it is 0.04±6.0 x 10 % in SB. The amino acids values in CC ranged from 0.54±0.02 mg/g in threonine -3

/pdf/nutritional-quality-of-crassocephalum-crepidioides-and-3pto97wm9p.pdf

Nutritional Quality of Crassocephalum crepidioides and Senecio biafrae

This experiment was carried out to ascertain the effect of feeding combination of high and low calorie and protein on the performance and carcass values of broiler chickens. Four diets having four different combinations of calorie and protein namely; normal energy and normal protein (NENP), high energy and low protein (HELP), low energy and high protein (LEHP) and low energy and low protein (LELP) were fed to broiler chickens of Archer Abor breed for a period of 56 days. Results indicated a significantly (p < 0.05) reduced feed intake as the energy content of feed decreased with LELP having the lowest value while the final live weight were similar for birds on NENP and LELP. The dressing percentage was significantly (p < 0.05) better for birds fed NENP and had similar live weight as LELP. The study showed that low energy and low protein diets could be fed to broilers chicken as long as the energy:protein ratio is maintained which will be of advantage especially as the poultry industry is facing feed crisis as a result of use of cereals for biofuel.
	
	Key words: Dietary energy, protein levels, performance, carcass, broiler chicken.

High and low dietary energy and protein levels for broiler chickens

Two hundred and ten (210) laying hens of Black Harco breed at 37 weeks in lay were fed experimental layer diets, in which fermented palm kernel meal (PKM) and copra meal (CM) were used independently to substitute for soybean meal (SBM) on protein content basis at 0%, 25%, 50% and 75%, to give seven treatments in a completely randomized design feeding trial that lasted 12 weeks. Performance characteristics and some haematological indices were evaluated in this study. Fermentation for seven days increased the crude protein of PKM (from 20.04% to 23.42%) and that of CM (from 19.63% to 23.11%). The crude fibre of the fermented PKM and CM decreased (from 15.47% to 12.44 % and 16.00% to 11.63% respectively). The feed intake (FI) was significantly highest (P 0.05) by the substitution of PKM and CM for SBM. The study showed that SBM protein could be substituted optimally at 50% by either PKM or CM protein.

/pdf/evaluation-of-fermented-palm-kernel-meal-and-fermented-copra-3e3hvyozyo.pdf

Evaluation of fermented palm kernel meal and fermented copra meal proteins as substitute for soybean meal protein in laying hens diets

A total of 42 growing rabbits of different crossbreds with initial average weight of 1.20kg were fed rations in wghuch rumen content (RC) and blood-rumen content (BRC) proteins were substituted for groundnut cake protein in a completely randomized design. they were grouped into 7 treatments for 3 replicates, each containing 2 rabbits. They were fed RC and BRC in a practical diet at 10, 20 and 30% dietary inclusion levels for 56 days. The average daily feed intake(ADFI), average daily weight gain (ADWG), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) were not significantly influenced (P>0.05) by the treatments. The dry matter and protein digestibility coefficients were significantly (P<0.05) affected. The feed cost per kg diet and feed per kg gain were significantly(P<0.05)influenced. Among the internal organs evaluated, the liver and the kidney weights, small intestine and caecum length were also significantly (P<0.05) influenced. The dressing percentage was also affected significantly (P<0.05). The study showed that RC and BRc could be influenced at 305 dietary inclusion in growing rabbit's ration without deleterious effect. However, further investigation into long-term effect of feeding on the orgns of the animal is suggested

/pdf/performance-evaluation-of-growing-rabbits-fed-varying-levels-1uktcmw8je.pdf

Performance evaluation of growing rabbits fed varying levels of rumen content and blood rumen-content mixture

Amaranthus cruentus is a tropical leaf vegetable grown in most tropical regions of the world for its vegetable protein. The fresh matured leaves of the plant were harvested and sun dried until a moisture content of between 12-13% was obtained. The sun dried leaves (Amaranthus cruentus leaf meal, ACLM) were milled and analysed for their proximate composition. Crude protein was 23.0%+0.55; crude fat, 5.4%+0.01; crude fibre, 8.8%+0.02; ash, 19.3%+0.01 and gross energy, 3.3+0.01kcal/g all on dry matter basis. Methionine and to a lesser extent, lysine, arginine, leucine and aspartate were high. The ACLM was incorporated into five formulated broiler starter diets at varying inclusion levels. The control diet 1 had no ACLM inclusion. All the six diets including control diet 1 were formulated isocaloric and isonitrogenous and fed to the experimental chicks (n = 540). Birds kept on diet 2 (5% ACLM inclusion level) had the best average weight gain (WG) of 372.9+29.94g/chick. The feed efficiency (FE) value and the protein efficiency ratio (PER) for birds on diet 2 were similar (P > 0.05) to values obtained for the reference diet. The nitrogen retention (NR) and apparent nitrogen digestibility (AND) values obtained for diet 2 were highest at 1.48+0.24gN/chick/day and 63.12%+10.28, respectively. Except for dressed weight and the back of chicken all the organs weights taken were similar (P > 0.05). Haematological examinations were similar (P > 0.05). Results generally indicated that ACLM could be a useful dietary protein source for broiler starter chicks at 5% inclusion level.

/pdf/tropical-vegetable-amaranthus-cruentus-leaf-meal-as-2hbgnn4356.pdf

Tropical vegetable (amaranthus cruentus) leaf meal as alternative protein supplement in broiler starter diets: bionutritional evaluation

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