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Determination of inorganic sulphate in studies on the enzymic and non-enzymic hydrolysis of carbohydrate and other sulphate esters

Publisher Summary
This chapter reviews algal polysaccharides. Fossil evidence indicates that many of the algae have changed very little in the hundreds of millions of years and it may be somewhat reckless to assume that the evolution of algal glycan structures has proceeded exactly in parallel with morphology. As new fossil evidence comes continually to light, ideas about the phylogenesis of algae are constantly being revised and there are inevitably areas of disagreement among authorities. There is unanimous agreement that the blue-green algae (Cyanophyta) are by far the oldest and there is reasonable evidence that the red algae (Rhodophyta) appeared next and the brown algae (Phaeophyta) last. In view of the very primitive morphology of algae, one might expect that the structures of the glycans would also be simple. In fact, the reverse seems to be true. Many algal glycans surpass even the gum exudates of terrestrial plants in apparent complexity. Some disorder might perhaps be expected in the glycans of organisms that are low on the evolutionary scale, because it implies that the biosynthetic enzymes are low in specificity rather than large in number. The apparent structural complexity of some algal glycans is increased by a special feature of the reproductive cycle of many algae, whereby the organism passes successively through gametophytic (haploid, male and female) and sporophytic (diploid) forms. There is growing evidence that many algal glycans exist in the native state, at least partly, as proteoglycans and that accepted procedures for isolation usually entail some degradation of these more complex macromolecules, with the liberation of the glycan moiety.

4 – Algal Polysaccharides

Purification, antitumor and antioxidant activities in vitro of polysaccharides from the brown seaweed Sargassum pallidum.

Red algae (Rhodophyta) are known as the source of unique sulfated galactans, such as agar, agarose, and carrageenans. The wide practical uses of these polysaccharides are based on their ability to form strong gels in aqueous solutions. Gelling polysaccharides usually have molecules built up of repeating disaccharide units with a regular distribution of sulfate groups, but most of the red algal species contain more complex galactans devoid of gelling ability because of various deviations from the regular structure. Moreover, several red algae may contain sulfated mannans or neutral xylans instead of sulfated galactans as the main structural polysaccharides. This chapter is devoted to a description of the structural diversity of polysaccharides found in the red algae, with special emphasis on the methods of structural analysis of sulfated galactans. In addition to the structural information, some data on the possible use of red algal polysaccharides as biologically active polymers or as taxonomic markers are briefly discussed.

Polysaccharides of the red algae.

Dietary beta-sitosterol as an internal standard to correct for cholesterol losses in sterol balance studies.

Thin-layer chromatography in the study of ester sulphates.

A sensitive method using the Technicon Amino Acid Autoanalyzer was developed for the determination of l-tyrosine O-sulphate in mammalian urine. Normal rabbit urine was shown to contain a material that has properties identical with l-tyrosine O-sulphate. The material is also a normal constituent of rat, sheep, calf and mouse urine and is excreted by these animals in quantities ranging from 0·1 to 0·8mg./day/kg. body wt.

The detection and determination of L-tyrosine O-sulphate in rabbit and other mammalian urine.

I. Polysaccharide sulphates

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Thin-layer chromatography in the study of ester sulphates.

The detection and determination of L-tyrosine O-sulphate in rabbit and other mammalian urine.

I. Polysaccharide sulphates