When honey bees transport pollen across citrus orchards they can increase the number of seeds in varieties that remain seedless otherwise. An increase in seeds diminishes the market value of the fruit creating an externality between seedless growers and beekeepers. This paper investigates the efficiency of different policy resolution of this externality including a range of regulated spatial segregations of beekeeping and seedless farming with or without financial compensations. We develop a spatial model of honey foraging behavior to quantify the efficiencies and redistributions of different policies that may be used to correct this market failure. Some of these policies have been implemented others are being currently discussed in policy debates in the California citrus belt. This paper illustrates that quantifying biophysical processes that create externalities is a necessary step towards evaluating the economics efficiency of alternative solutions.

A Spatial Look at Negative Externalities in Agricultural Landscapes: Seedless Mandarins and Honey Bee Pollination in California

A hypothesis is proposed and field data presented indicating that in long-distance navigation, honey bee foragers use horizon landmarks to determine the direction of their home site. Metal tags were recaptured from marked foragers released at various distances and directions from their nests located in mountainous or flat terrain. The proportion of tagged foragers returning to their nests decreased as distances of the release points from the natal colony increased. However, the fraction of returns versus distance differed according to site horizon features. Twice as many foragers returned to their home nests located in mountainous terrain as compared to returns in flat terrain. Maximum distances from which honey bee foragers found their nests were about 5 km in flat terrain with no skyline features and about 9 km in a mountainous region. The data support the hypothesis that orientation cues relied on by foragers for distance navigation include deformations in the landscape horizon when available. A search...

Effects of Horizon Landmarks on Homing Success in Honey Bees

Foraging Range of Honey Bees in Citrus Groves

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Foraging Range of Honey Bees in Citrus Groves