Contrast masking was studied psychophysically. A two-alternative forced-choice procedure was used to measure contrast thresholds for 2.0 cpd sine-wave gratings in the presence of masking sine-wave gratings. Thresholds were measured for 11 masker contrasts spanning three log units, and seven masker frequencies ranging +/- one octave from the signal frequency. Corresponding measurements were made for gratings with horizontal widths of 0.75 degrees (narrow fields) and 6.0 degrees (wide fields). For high contrast maskers at all frequencies, signal thresholds were related to masking contrast by power functions with exponents near 0.6. For a range of low masking contrasts, signal thresholds were reduced by the masker. For the wide fields, high contrast masking tuning functions peaked at the signal frequency, were slightly asymmetric, and had approximately invariant half-maximum frequencies that lie 3/4 octave below and 1 octave above the signal frequency. The corresponding low contrast tuning functions exhibited peak threshold reduction at the signal frequency, with half-minimum frequencies at roughly +/- 0.25 octaves. For the narrow fields, the masking tuning functions were much broader at both low and high masking contrasts. A masking model is presented that encompasses contrast detection, discrimination, and masking phenomena. Central constructs of the model include a linear spatial frequency filter, a nonlinear transducer, and a process of spatial pooling that acts at low contrasts only.

https://courses.washington.edu/psy448/pdf/Legge_JOSA80.pdf

Contrast masking in human vision

An active process in cochlear mechanics

Phase-locking in the cochlear nerve of the guinea-pig and its relation to the receptor potential of inner hair-cells.

This study shows that photopic contrast sensitivity and resolution can be predicted by means of simple functions derived by using the cortical magnification factor M as a scale factor of mapping from the visual field into the striate cortex. We measured the minimum contrast required for discriminating the direction of movement or orientation of sinusoidal gratings, or for detecting them in central and peripheral vision. No qualitative differences were found between central and peripheral vision, and almost all quantitative differences observed could be removed by means of a size compensation derived from M. The results indicated specifically that (1) visual patterns can be made equally visible if they are scaled so that their calculated cortical representations become equivalent; (2) contrast sensitivity follows the same power function of the cortical area stimulated by a grating at any eccentricity; (3) area and squared spatial frequency are reciprocally related as determinants of contrast sensitivity; and (4) acuity and resolution are directly proportional to M, and the minimum angle of resolution is directly proportional to M-1. The power law of spatial summation expressed in (2) and (3) suggests the existence of a central integrator that pools the activity of cortical neurons. This summation mechanism makes the number of potentially activated visual cells the most important determinant of visibility and contrast sensitivity. The functional homogeneity of image processing across the visual field observed here agrees with the assumed anatomical and physiological uniformity of the visual cortex.

Visual resolution, contrast sensitivity, and the cortical magnification factor

Spatial and temporal selectivity of the human motion detection system.

Psychophysical, Physiological and Behavioural Studies in Hearing

The influence of the number of cycles upon the visual contrast threshold for sptial sine wave patterns

The number of bars that makes a grating for the visual system: A reply to Dr. Kelly

Experimentists in various disciplines, such as anatomy, physics, chemistry, physiology, psychophysics and psychology, have been carrying out their studies in order to increase our knowledge and understanding of sensory perception. To profit maximally from the results, obtained from these different viewpoints each should take the work of the others into account. The need for intensive communication is, therefore, ever present. In 1969, in the field of auditory research, this need resulted in P10mp's initiative to organizing an international symposium "Frequency analysis and periodicity perception in hearing." Considering the lively discussions and the numerous references in literature to the proceedings of this Driebergen symposium, the meeting clearly fulfilled its need. It was clear at the time that this sort of symposium should be held regularly. This resulted in meetings in 1972 (Eindhoven), 1974 (Tutzing) and 1977 (Keele). At the meeting in Keele it was agreed that the next one should be held in 1980, again in the Nether lands. With regard to the program, we decided to carryon the - now expande- tradition of including anatomy, physiology, psychophysics and the development of models in the program, but to pay more attention to the behavioural aspects of hearing at the same time. As a result, some contributions on animal behaviour have been included in the program. One of the great advantages of this sort of symposium is, that one has the opportunity of paying immediate attention to topics that are of current interest at the time."

Psychophysical, Physiological and Behavioural Studies in Hearing : Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Hearing Noordwijkerhout, The Netherlands, April 8-12, 1980

Phase effects in a particular three‐component signal, consisting of the 9th, 10th, and 11th harmonic of 200 Hz were studied. The main interest was the effect of phase changes on the prominence of the residue pitch evoked by this signal. The prominence of residue pitch appears to be correlated to the acoustical power spectrum of the signal, modified by the internally generated combination tones. An estimate of this “internal spectrum” was obtained by means of a cancellation technique. Because of an interaction of combination tones and acoustical components, this “internal spectrum” is phase‐dependent. In this context de Boer's phase rule is reconsidered. The residue pitch seems to be most prominent if there are prominent lower harmonics in the “internal spectrum.” In general, subjective phase effects in this signal, which could be described as changes in timbre, seem to be dependent on changes in the “internal spectrum.”

Phase effects in a three‐component signal

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