The extreme teraelectronvolt (TeV) blazar 1ES 0229+200 is a high-frequency-peaked BL Lacertae object. It has not shown intraday variability in extensive optical and X-ray observations, nor has it shown any significant variability on any measurable timescale in the 1--100 GeV energy range over a 14-year span; however, variations in the source flux around its average are present in the energy range above 200 GeV. We aim to search for intraday optical variability in 1ES 0229+200 as part of an ongoing project to search for variability and quasi-periodic oscillations in the high-cadence (2 minutes), nearly uniformly sampled optical light curves of blazars provided by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS). 1ES 0229+200 was monitored by TESS in its Sectors 42, 43, and 44. We analysed the data of all these three sectors both with the TESS-provided lightkurve software and the eleanor reduction pipeline. We detected a strong, essentially symmetric flare that lasted about 6 hours in Sector 42. We fitted the flare's rising and declining phases to exponential functions. We also analysed the light curve of Sector 42 using the Lomb-Scargle periodogram (LSP) and continuous auto-regressive moving average (CARMA) methods. The optical light curve of Sector 42 of the TESS observations displayed in the present work provides the first evidence of a strong, rapid, short-lived optical flare on the intraday timescale in the TeV blazar 1ES 0229+200. The variability timescale of the flare provides the upper limit for the size of the emission region to be within (3.3pm 0.2 -- 8.3pm 0.5) times 1015 cm. Away from the flare, the slope of the periodogram's power spectrum is fairly typical of many blazars ($ &lt; 2$), but the nominal slopes for the flaring regions are very steep ($ 4.3), which may indicate that the electron distribution undergoes a sudden change. We discuss possible emission mechanisms that could explain this substantial and rapid flare. 

Rapid optical flare in the extreme teraelectronvolt blazar 1ES 0229+200 on intraday timescales with the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite

Optical timing with rapid, seconds-to-minutes cadences with high photometric precision and gap-free long baselines is necessary for an unambiguous physical picture of accretion phenomena, and is only possible from space. Exoplanet-hunting missions like Kepler and TESS have offered an outstanding new window into detailed jet and accretion physics, but have been severely hampered by incomplete calibration and systematics treatments and, most especially, a monochromatic single wide bandpass. Advances made using Kepler and TESS survey data, when considered alongside detailed, expensive multi-color experiments done from the ground, reveal the enormous potential of a space-based multi-color optical timing mission with a high energy focus. 

pdf/rapid-multi-band-space-based-optical-timing-revolutionizing-220rg6j7ng.pdf

Rapid multi-band space-based optical timing: revolutionizing accretion physics

We present a long-term and intraday variability study of optical multiwaveband (U BV RI) data from the blazar AO 0235+164 collected by various telescopes for ∼44 yr (1975–2019). The blazar was found to be significantly variable over the years in all wave bands with a variation of about 6 mag between its low and active states. The variations in the different wave bands are highly correlated without any time lag. We did not observe any significant trend in color variation with time, but we observed a bluer-when-brighter trend between the B − I color index and the R magnitude. Optical BV R-band spectral energy distributions always show a convex shape. Significant intraday variability was frequently seen in the quasi-simultaneous observations of AO 0235+164 made on 22 nights in the R and V bands by the CASLEO and CAHA telescopes during 1999–2019. We also estimated a central supermassive black hole mass of 7.9 × 107 M ⊙ by analyzing the broad Mg ii emission line in AO 0235+164's spectrum. We briefly explore the probable physical scenarios responsible for the observed variability.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/1538-4365/acb059/pdf

Study of Variability in Long-term Multiwavelength Optical Lightcurves of Blazar AO 0235+164

Global map of surface winds on mars from barchan dune migration directions and horn asymmetry using a convolutional neural network.

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Study of Variability in Long-term Multiwavelength Optical Lightcurves of Blazar AO 0235+164

Global map of surface winds on mars from barchan dune migration directions and horn asymmetry using a convolutional neural network.