Ascophyllum nodosum is a large and common brown alga. The fronds are olive-brown but can appear yellowish when stressed. It is a common, intertidal species around the periphery of the North Atlantic Ocean. It is particularly common on the north-western coast of Europe (from Svalbard to Portugal), including east Greenland, Iceland and the NE coast of N America (from New York to Newfoundland). This intertidal fucoid has long fronds with large egg-shaped airbladders. The fronds can reach 2 m (extremes of 5–7 m) in length. Depending on nutrient availability, the fronds are yellow, and at low tide, they can form extensive beds appearing to be monospecific to the casual observer. This seaweed is long lived and can be a dominant, climax community species of the middle shore. Ascophyllum nodosum is very effective at accumulating nutrients and minerals from the surrounding seawater. Due to the presence of many bioactive components, its harvested biomass is a valuable resource for human enterprise. This species is exploited for use in products such as food, fertiliser, soil conditioners, biostimulants (for phyco-elicitors), animal feed, skin and hair care products, cleaners, de-greasers, equestrian products and nutritional supplements. It is also a popular ingredient in cosmetology and thalassotherapy.

A concise review of the brown macroalga Ascophyllum nodosum (Linnaeus) Le Jolis

The application of biostimulants derived from extracts of the brown seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum has long been accepted by growers to have productivity benefits in stressed crops The impact of the processing method of the A nodosum biomass is also known to affect compositional and physicochemical properties However, the identification of the mechanisms by which processing parameters of Ascophyllum nodosum extracts (ANEs) affect biostimulant performance in abiotically stressed crops is still poorly understood In this study, we performed a comparative analysis of two carbohydrate-rich formulations derived from A nodosum: C129, an ANE obtained at low temperatures through a gentle extraction and the novel proprietary PSI-494 extracted under high temperatures and alkaline conditions We tested the efficiency of both ANEs in unstressed conditions as well as in mitigating long-term moderate heat stress in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum, cv Micro Tom) during the reproductive stage Both ANEs showed significant effects on flower development, pollen viability, and fruit production in both conditions However, PSI-494 significantly surpassed the heat stress tolerance effect of C129, increasing fruit number by 86% compared to untreated plants growing under heat stress conditions The variation in efficacy was associated with different molecular mass distribution profiles of the ANEs Specific biochemical and transcriptional changes were observed with enhanced thermotolerance PSI-494 was characterized as an ANE formulation with lower molecular weight constituents, which was associated with an accumulation of soluble sugars, and gene transcription of protective heat shock proteins (HSPs) in heat stressed tomato flowers before fertilization These findings suggest that specialized ANE biostimulants targeting the negative effects of periods of heat stress during the important reproductive stage can lead to significant productivity gains

/pdf/ascophyllum-nodosum-extract-biostimulant-processing-and-its-fk61mwtt4v.pdf

Ascophyllum nodosum Extract Biostimulant Processing and Its Impact on Enhancing Heat Stress Tolerance During Tomato Fruit Set.

Increased soybean tolerance to water deficiency through biostimulant based on fulvic acids and Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) seaweed extract

Seed shattering refers to the natural shedding of seeds when they ripe, a phenomenon typically observed in wild and weedy plant species. The timing and extent of this phenomenon varies considerably among plant species. Seed shattering is primarily a genetically controlled trait; however, it is significantly influenced by environmental conditions, management practices and their interactions, especially in agro-ecosystems. This trait is undesirable in domesticated crops where consistent efforts have been made to minimize it through conventional and molecular breeding approaches. However, this evolutionary trait serves as an important fitness and survival mechanism for most weeds that utilize it to ensure efficient dispersal of their seeds, paving the way for persistent soil seedbank development and sustained future populations. Weeds have continuously evolved variations in seed shattering as an adaptation under changing management regimes. High seed retention is common in many cropping weeds where weed maturity coincides with crop harvest, facilitating seed dispersal through harvesting operations, though some weeds have notoriously high seed shattering before crop harvest. However, high seed retention in some of the most problematic agricultural weed species such as annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum), wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum), and weedy amaranths (Amaranthus spp.) provides an opportunity to implement innovative weed management approaches such as harvest weed seed control, which aims at capturing and destroying weed seeds retained at crop harvest. The integration of such management options with other practices is important to avoid the rapid evolution of high seed shattering in target weed species. Advances in genetics and molecular biology have shown promise for reducing seed shattering in important crops, which could be exploited for manipulating seed shattering in weed species. Future research should focus on developing a better understanding of various seed shattering mechanisms in plants in relation to changing climatic and management regimes.

/pdf/seed-shattering-a-trait-of-evolutionary-importance-in-plants-5firvvmokj.pdf

Seed Shattering: A Trait of Evolutionary Importance in Plants.

Macroalgal blooms are increasing globally as a result of anthropogenic stressors and are leading to negative environmental and socio-economic impacts. There is, however, an opportunity to utilise nuisance macroalgae by creating useful and economically viable products. Thus relieving pressure on diminishing, but sought-after natural resources. Here we have undertaken a systematic review of the literature to synthesise data from 639 peer-reviewed papers to: identify the spatial and temporal nature of macroalgal blooms; quantify the ecological and socio-economic impacts associated with these blooms; outline the conversion of macroalgal biomass into products, in particular for the main blooming genera; provide an assessment of input and product costs for different compounds; and provide feasibility assessments generated from Techno-Economic Analysis (TEA) and Life Cycle Assessments (LCA). Globally, green macroalgae (chlorophyta), predominately Ulva spp. (52%), were found to be the most reported and spatially distributed blooming algae. However, the largest single bloom was produced by Sargassum spp. (phaeophyta), producing >20 million tonnes in 2018. Ecologically, the dominant negative impacts of macroalgal blooms were a decline in species richness and abundance; with seagrasses and fish most impacted. Social and economic impacts of macroalgal blooms were under-reported in peer-reviewed papers and globally under-researched, but where reported, there were clear negative impacts. For nuisance green macroalgal species, biorefining to produce multiple products was the most researched application, yet in the feasibility assessments there was a stronger case for biofuel production. Limited TEA or LCA were identified focussing on bloom material. There is an urgent need for research to provide the tools for the effective utilisation of macroalgal blooms. We recommend increased research into bioprocessing and a TEA of nuisance macroalgal blooms especially for Ulva and other chlorophyta, which are predominantly problematic. If this is achievable then exciting pathways utilising problem macroalgae can be incorporated into the circular economy.

https://eprints.ncl.ac.uk/file_store/production/276531/32E63A26-D9FF-4BEA-995F-B7206EB64E06.pdf

The global problem of nuisance macroalgal blooms and pathways to its use in the circular economy

Intensive agricultural production utilizes large amounts of nitrogen (N) mineral fertilizers that are applied to the soil to secure high crop yields. Unfortunately, up to 65% of this N fertilizer is not taken up by crops and is lost to the environment. To compensate these issues, growers usually apply more fertilizer than crops actually need, contributing significantly to N pollution and to GHG emissions. In order to combat the need for such large N inputs, a better understanding of nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and agronomic solutions that increase NUE within crops is required. The application of biostimulants derived from extracts of the brown seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum has long been accepted by growers as a sustainable crop production input. However, little is known on how Ascophyllum nodosum extracts (ANEs) can influence mechanisms of N uptake and assimilation in crops to allow reduced N application. In this work, a significant increase in nitrate accumulation in Arabidopsis thaliana 6 days after applying the novel proprietary biostimulant PSI-362 was observed. Follow-up studies in barley crops revealed that PSI-362 increases NUE by 29.85-60.26% under 75% N input in multi-year field trials. When PSI-362 was incorporated as a coating to the granular N fertilizer calcium ammonium nitrate and applied to barley crop, a coordinated stimulation of N uptake and assimilation markers was observed. A key indicator of biostimulant performance was increased nitrate content in barley shoot tissue 22 days after N fertilizer application (+17.9-72.2%), that was associated with gene upregulation of root nitrate transporters (NRT1.1, NRT2.1, and NRT1.5). Simultaneously, PSI-362 coated fertilizer enhanced nitrate reductase and glutamine synthase activities, while higher content of free amino acids, soluble protein and photosynthetic pigments was measured. These biological changes at stem elongation stage were later translated into enhanced NUE traits in harvested grain. Overall, our results support the agronomic use of this engineered ANE that allowed a reduction in N fertilizer usage while maintaining or increasing crop yield. The data suggests that it can be part of the solution for the successful implementation of mitigation policies for water quality and GHG emissions from N fertilizer usage.

/pdf/reducing-nitrogen-input-in-barley-crops-while-maintaining-1yciumso02.pdf

Reducing Nitrogen Input in Barley Crops While Maintaining Yields Using an Engineered Biostimulant Derived From Ascophyllum nodosum to Enhance Nitrogen Use Efficiency.

The yield of podded crops such as oilseed rape (OSR) is limited by evolutionary adaptations of the plants for more efficient and successful seed dispersal for survival. These plants have evolved dehiscent dry fruits that shatter along a specifically developed junction at carpel margins. A number of strategies such as pod sealants, GMOs and hybrids have been developed to mitigate the impact of pod shatter on crop yield with limited success. Plant biostimulants have been shown to influence plant development. A challenge in plant biostimulant research is elucidating the mechanisms of action. Here we have focused on understanding the effect of an Ascophyllum nodosum based biostimulant (Sealicit) on fruit development and seed dispersal trait in Arabidopsis and OSR at genetic and physiological level. The results indicate that Sealicit is affecting the expression of the major regulator of pod shattering, INDEHISCENT, as well as disrupting the auxin minimum. Both factors influence the formation of the dehiscence zone and consequently reduce pod shattering. Unravelling the mode of action of this unique biostimulant provides data to support its effectiveness in reducing pod shatter and highlights its potential for growers to increase seed yield in a number of OSR varieties.

/pdf/a-plant-biostimulant-from-the-seaweed-ascophyllum-nodosum-1o2p9vnodm.pdf

A plant biostimulant from the seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum (Sealicit) reduces podshatter and yield loss in oilseed rape through modulation of IND expression.

Investigation of the direct effect of a precision Ascophyllum nodosum biostimulant on nitrogen use efficiency in wheat seedlings.

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Reducing Nitrogen Input in Barley Crops While Maintaining Yields Using an Engineered Biostimulant Derived From Ascophyllum nodosum to Enhance Nitrogen Use Efficiency.

A plant biostimulant from the seaweed Ascophyllum nodosum (Sealicit) reduces podshatter and yield loss in oilseed rape through modulation of IND expression.

Investigation of the direct effect of a precision Ascophyllum nodosum biostimulant on nitrogen use efficiency in wheat seedlings.