Geothermal technology: Trends and potential role in a sustainable future

Geothermal Energy (GE) is a non-carbon renewable source of sustainable energy with untapped potential for mitigating the threat of climate change. To achieve a sustainable pathway for development, evaluation of technical and economic constraints must be addressed within a framework of environmental governance and social and legal challenges that arise during implementing of geothermal projects. Key barriers to deployment of geothermal resources on a wide scale include high capital costs, location and quality of resource at different depths and opposition by local communities. Here we provide a detailed review of the barriers, identify credible solutions and highlight options for enhancing geothermal capacity and energy production on a global scale required to meet ‘net-zero’ carbon emission targets. Globally by 2050 as part of a strategy to reduce greenhouse gases. This study is a valid source for upcoming studies and implementations by analyzing the influential factors on the development and future of geothermal energy.

Environmental, economic, and social impacts of geothermal energy systems

Geothermal based hybrid energy systems, toward eco-friendly energy approaches

Review on hybrid geothermal and solar power systems

Combined supercritical CO2 (SCO2) cycle and organic Rankine cycle (ORC) system for hybrid solar and geothermal power generation: Thermoeconomic assessment of various configurations

Technoeconomic and exergy analysis of a solar geothermal hybrid electric power plant using a novel combined cycle

Radiation heat transfer must be modeled when designing any high temperature solid particle solar receiver or particle-fluid heat exchanger, but computationally efficient radiation models are not currently available in coupled Computational Fluid Dynamics – Discrete Element Method (CFD-DEM) codes, which is the focus of this work. Monte Carlo ray tracing simulations were run to find view factors between particles in packed beds, and correlations were found to estimate both particle-particle and particle-wall radiation view factors based on distance alone. The correlations can be readily implemented into any CFD-DEM code to model radiation heat transfer, which is demonstrated using the LIGGGHTS-OpenFOAM-CFDEM software combination. With the addition of the radiation models described, all relevant heat transfer modes in a dense particle flow can now accounted for, and LIGGGHTS-OpenFOAM-CFDEM can be used to model particle-based solar receivers and heat exchangers at high temperature.

Development of view factor correlations for modeling thermal radiation in solid particle solar receivers using CFD-DEM

This article describes a study of beam radiation striking particle beds of randomly packed, spherical particles. The current study is focused on concentrating solar power receivers which use solid particles as a heat transfer medium, but results are applicable to particle beds in various industries. The analyses are carried out using a purpose-built open-source Monte Carlo Ray Tracing code for beam radiation striking a group of particles. Particle beds with a uniform solid fraction and diffuse reflections are studied first, with the total bed absorptivity found for various combinations of the incidence angle, absorptivity, and solid fraction, culminating in an expression for the total bed absorptivity as a function of these independent variables. In addition, the transmitted fraction of incident rays as a function of distance into the bed is given in table format for many sets of these parameters. These results form the foundation of an algorithm developed to estimate the radiation absorption at different depths in the more challenging case where the solid fraction varies as a function of depth in the bed. This is particularly important for the “CentRec” solar receiver, where the solid fraction oscillates due to the thin particle film used in this device (only 4 -10 particle diameters thick), as well as the dynamic nature of the particle film. The algorithm is implemented in a Discrete Element Method model for heat transfer in the CentRec receiver, and the algorithm is shown to have a high accuracy with a very low computational cost compared to a full Monte Carlo Ray Tracing simulation. 

Beam Radiation Penetration in Particle Beds for Heat Transfer Modeling of a Centrifugal Solar Particle Receiver

Solar Thermal Electricity power plants utilizing solid particles as heat transfer and storage media have been proposed by several research groups, with studies citing benefits of increased thermal efficiency and lower cost. Several types of solid particle receivers have been proposed, with leading designs consisting of particles falling or suspended in air. A new solid particle receiver is proposed here, consisting of a receiver fully packed with particles flowing downward with gravity. Particle flow rate is regulated with an outlet valve. This Particle-Filled receiver concept is compared to other receiver designs, and initial cold and hot experiments are conducted. Mass flux values of up to 379 kg m−2 s−1 are demonstrated, and heat transfer coefficients between 136 and 251 W m−2 K−1 are found.

Proposal of a novel gravity-fed, particle-filled solar receiver

Numerical heat transfer modelling of a centrifugal solar particle receiver

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