While the series of events that shaped the transition between foraging societies and food producers are well described for Central and Southern Europe, genetic evidence from Northern Europe surrounding the Baltic Sea is still sparse. Here, we report genome-wide DNA data from 38 ancient North Europeans ranging from ~9500 to 2200 years before present. Our analysis provides genetic evidence that hunter-gatherers settled Scandinavia via two routes. We reveal that the first Scandinavian farmers derive their ancestry from Anatolia 1000 years earlier than previously demonstrated. The range of Mesolithic Western hunter-gatherers extended to the east of the Baltic Sea, where these populations persisted without gene-flow from Central European farmers during the Early and Middle Neolithic. The arrival of steppe pastoralists in the Late Neolithic introduced a major shift in economy and mediated the spread of a new ancestry associated with the Corded Ware Complex in Northern Europe.

/pdf/the-genetic-prehistory-of-the-baltic-sea-region-1m9a1k3hyh.pdf

The genetic prehistory of the Baltic Sea region

Lower Paleolithic bone tools from the 'Spear Horizon' at Schoningen (Germany)

https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/1810/300669/1/Barrett_etal_Ecological_Globalisation_QSR.pdf

Ecological globalisation, serial depletion and the medieval trade of walrus rostra

From flint to quartz: Organization of lithic technology in relation to raw material availability during the pioneer process of Scandinavia

First insights into the identification of bone and antler tools used in the indirect percussion and pressure techniques during the early postglacial

This article focuses on the production of bone tools during the seventh millennium cal bc. A large number of fishhooks and waste from fishhook production have been found at the sites of Saevarhelleren and Viste cave, in western Norway. The data have been studied by means of the chaine operatoire concept, meaning that the artefacts are described and analysed in order to identify the different steps in the production process and to characterize the technology in a comparative northern European perspective. The result shows that bone tools and fishhooks were crafted in a similar way at these two sites, with techniques that were mastered by all makers, and in close relation to stone tool production. When compared to other contemporaneous sites, the technology resembles the Mesolithic bone technology of north-eastern Europe. It thus contradicts the hypothesis of a strong connection between western Norway and the Maglemose cultural group in southern Scandinavia and northern Germany.

Crafting Bone Tools in Mesolithic Norway: A Regional Eastern-Related Know-How

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Crafting Bone Tools in Mesolithic Norway: A Regional Eastern-Related Know-How