The pollution of rivers and lakes is of concern because of the threat to public water supplied and because of the damage caused to natural ecosystems. Waterborne diseases remain rife in the Third World, while in developed countries there has been a decline in the quality of water. It has also become apparent that pollutants may destroy ecosystems hundreds of miles from their source. Some of these toxic materials such as lead and PCBs also pose threats to public health. This text describes the sources of various types of pollutants, their effects on aquatic organisms, ecosystems and man, using case histories where appropriate. Ways of mitigating the effects of pollutants by control and ecosystem manipulation are described. Techniques for assessing the effects of pollution, both in field and laboratory, are introduced. The role of the biologist in pollution assessment and control and in the wider sphere of mangement of acquatic resources is also examined.

Biology of Freshwater Pollution.

Multimetric Macroinvertebrate Index Flanders (MMIF) for biological assessment of rivers and lakes in Flanders (Belgium)

Water quality agencies and scientists are increasingly adopting standardized sampling methodologies because of the challenges associated with interpreting data derived from dissimilar protocols. Here, we compare 13 protocols for monitoring streams from different regions and countries around the globe. Despite the spatially diverse range of countries assessed, many aspects of bioassessment structure and protocols were similar, thereby providing evidence of key characteristics that might be incorporated in a global sampling methodology. Similarities were found regarding sampler type, mesh size, sampling period, subsampling methods, and taxonomic resolution. Consistent field and laboratory methods are essential for merging data sets collected by multiple institutions to enable large-scale comparisons. We discuss the similarities and differences among protocols and present current trends and future recommendations for monitoring programs, especially for regions where large-scale protocols do not yet exist. We summarize the current state in one of these regions, Latin America, and comment on the possible development path for these techniques in this region. We conclude that several aspects of stream biomonitoring need additional performance evaluation (accuracy, precision, discriminatory power, relative costs), particularly when comparing targeted habitat (only the commonest habitat type) versus site-wide sampling (multiple habitat types), appropriate levels of sampling and processing effort, and standardized indicators to resolve dissimilarities among biomonitoring methods. Global issues such as climate change are creating an environment where there is an increasing need to have universally consistent data collection, processing and storage to enable large-scale trend analysis. Biomonitoring programs following standardized methods could aid international data sharing and interpretation.

/pdf/stream-biomonitoring-using-macroinvertebrates-around-the-169na9egbr.pdf

Stream biomonitoring using macroinvertebrates around the globe: a comparison of large-scale programs

Repeated Measures Analysis

We argue the need to select indicator species on empirical data to avoid influence of personal opinions. To test an empirical selection process based on a nested subset matrix, we sampled partivoltine dragonfly larvae from 74 small lakes in central Sweden. A nestedness matrix was set up using the 'nestedness temperature calculator' program, selecting 11 species as potential indicators of species richness. These were tested against a known indicator species for water quality (the pool frog) and plant diversity through inventories and comparison to existing surveys of biological values ('rich' lakes vs. 'ordinary' lakes). We could only see a trend towards the pool frog occurring in dragonfly-rich lakes, but found a significant connection between the number of aquatic plants along the shore line and the number of dragonfly species present. A significantly higher number of indicators were encountered in lakes previously surveyed as 'rich' in plants than in lakes classified as 'ordinary'. Dragonfly species richness therefore appears to be positively associated with species richness of vascular plants. We propose nestedness matrices to be a good selecting tool for indicator species, particularly in groups where the biology of the species is not well known. However, it is important to define what such indicators really indicate.

Identification of dragonflies (Odonata) as indicators of general species richness in boreal forest lakes

The EU Water Framework Directive requires assessment of the ecological quality of running waters using macroinvertebrates. One of the problems of obtaining representative samples of organisms from streams is the choice of sampling date, as the scores obtained from macroinvertebrate indices vary naturally between seasons, confounding the detection of anthropogenic environmental change. We investigated this problem in a 4th order calcareous stream in the western Carpathian Mountains of central Europe, the Stupavský potok brook. We divided our 100 m study site into two stretches and took two replicate samples every other month alternately from each stretch for a period of 1 year, sampling in the months of February, April, June, August, October and December. Multivariate analysis of the macroinvertebrate communities (PCA) clearly separated the samples into three groups: (1) April samples (2) June and August samples (3) October, December and February samples. Metric scores were classified into two groups those that were stable with respect to sampling month, and those that varied. Of the metrics whose values increase with amount of allochthonous organic material (ALPHA_MESO, hyporhithral, littoral, PASF, GSI new, DSI, CSI), the highest scores occurred in February, April, October and December, while for metrics whose values decrease with content of organic material (DSII, DIS, GFI D05, PORI, RETI, hypocrenal, metarhithral, RP, AKA, LITHAL, SHRED, HAI) the highest values occurred in February, April, June and December. We conclude that sampling twice a year, in early spring and late autumn, is appropriate for this type of metarhithral mountain stream. Sampling in summer is less reliable due to strong seasonal influences on many of the metrics examined while sampling in winter is inappropriate for logistical reasons.

Influence of seasonal variation on bioassessment of streams using macroinvertebrates

In 1993-1994, larvae and imagines of Odonata were collected in 10 arms of the river Danube. Odonata larvae were also collected during hydrobiological research of the Morava river basin from 1900-1993. Following the method of hierarchical classification, based on the presence of dragonfly species at selected localities, the characteristic biotypes were distinguished as follows: (1) lentic biotopes renewed and newly formed, with undercurrents and rippling inhabited by rheophilous dragonflies, Calopteryx splendens, Platycnemis penipes and the pioneer species, Anax imperator; (2) drying, unstable, euthrophic biotopes inhabited by the coenosis Lestes-Sympetrum sp.; (3) original stagnant waters inhabited by the coenosis Orthetrum-Libellula depressa and Erythromma-Anax imperator; (4) original localities with larger areas inhabited by the coenosis Lestes-Sympetrum-Aeshna sp.; (5) lotic biotopes of the river Rudava with the coenosis Cordulegaster-Ophiogomphus cecilia, comprising the rare species Ophiogomphus cecilia

Dragonflies (Odonata) as bioindicators of environment quality

River habitat and macrophyte surveys in the high Tatra mountains of Slovakia and Poland. Results from 2010

The influence of different thermal regime on the structure of macrozoobenthos in two mountain streams, Tomanov potok and Javorov potok (High Tatras Mts.) is analysed in the frames of investigation. The streams are situated at an altitude approx. 1300 m and run through supramontane zone. 83 macrozoobenthic species found were classified according to their temperature requirements as oligostenothermal and mesostenothermal ones. 25 species, of the Plecoptera, Trichoptera and Dip- tera orders, belong to oligostenothermal ones, occur only in the cold stream of Javorov potok with temperature below 7 °C. Mesostenothermal species occurring in the stream of Tomanov potok in- cluded mainly species of the Ephemeroptera order. Thermal regime in the monitored mountain streams has a decisive effect on macrozoobenthic communities. It acts discontinuously in the direc- tion of the shift of vertical stream zoning. As a result of balanced thermal regime and low temperature Javorov potok acquires a transitive character between crenal and epirithral. The stream of Tomanov potok represents rhithral with qualitative dominance of epirhithral species. In the summer period, euryoecous mesostenothermal species typical of submontane streams penetrate in this stream.

The influence of different thermal regime on the structure of coenoses of stenothermal hydrobionts in mountain streams

The occurrence of preimaginal stages of Diptera (excluding Chironomidae and Simuliidae) in the Tatra Mountain lakes, their inlets and outlets, and the influence of acidification on the presence of these taxa were assessed. At 21 sites, 18 Diptera taxa were recorded in 2000 and 2001. The most frequent were Dicranota sp. (73%), Pedicia (C.)rivosa (50%) and Wiedemannia sp. (14%). Diptera were ordinated by RDA; relationships between taxa and environmental variables were significantly determined by temperature and habitat characteristics (altitude, habitat, alkalinity, Ca2+, pH, temperature, conductivity). The RDA diagram confirmed the existence of four Diptera assemblage groups corresponding with four habitat types. Group 1 — alpine and subalpine oligotrophic lakes at higher altitudes threatened by acidification, with the acid tolerant taxa Tipula rufina, T. alpium, Dicranota sp. and Rhypholophus sp. Group 2 — subalpine oligotrophic lakes not threatened by acidification with the acid sensitive taxa Wiedemannia sp., Hemerodromia sp., Tipula (S.) benesignata, Orimarga sp., Chionea sp., Pedicia (C.) rivosa and Bazarella subneglecta which prefer higher temperature. Group 3 — subalpine oligotrophic lakes, with the acid sensitive species Berdeniella illiesi, which prefers cold water. Group 4 — outlets of submontane oligotrophic lakes with characteristic taxa Tricyphona sp. and Tipula goriziensis. Acidified alpine and subalpine Tatra lakes are situated mostly at higher altitudes (1705–2145 m. a.s.l.) and have specific taxonomic composition.

/pdf/preimaginal-stages-of-diptera-excluding-chironomidae-and-3dzq6hw2rq.pdf

Preimaginal stages of Diptera (excluding Chironomidae and Simuliidae) of mountain lakes, their inlets and outlets in the Tatra Mountains (Slovakia)

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