Sample preparation is a critical step in complex sample analysis which effect to sensitivity, selectivity, speed, and accuracy of analytical results. The goal of sample preparation is separation and enrichment. Separation and enrichment are entropy reduction procedures which cannot happen spontaneously. On account of consuming over two thirds of analysis time, sample preparation becomes the bottleneck issue in analytical chemistry. Therefore, fast sample preparation has been received much attention. In this review, a comprehensive survey on progress in fast sample preparation techniques for complex sample in the last 2 years has been composed from more than 180 references. Four approaches for entropy reduction of sample preparation system were generalized, they are energy exchange acceleration, materials-based acceleration, size reduction acceleration, and integration acceleration. Moreover, we highlight the most interesting acceleration techniques, including field-assisted, materials-based rapid mass tra...

Recent Progress in Fast Sample Preparation Techniques.

Recent advances in analysis of precursors, simulants and degradation products of chemical warfare agents (CWA) are reviewed. Fast and reliable analysis of precursors, simulants and CWA degradation ...

Analysis of the Precursors, Simulants and Degradation Products of Chemical Warfare Agents.

The advent of chip technology and microfluidics has largely impacted the area of analytical chemistry towards development of more efficient, cost-effective, user- and environmentally friendly analytical devices. So far, diverse analytical platforms based on various device designs have been developed for different analytical applications and the area is still growing very quickly. Considering sample preparation/extraction as one of the most important steps of an analytical assay, microfluidic sample preparative devices have been emerged. These devices have been widely developed over the past decades paving a new way towards efficient analyte isolation and facile integration with various detection methods, while keeping matrix effect, analysis cost, and user-intervention at minimum. Such extensive development is mainly due to the fascinating features of microfluidic devices such as lower amounts of required reagents and samples, faster analysis, more feasibility of integration and automation, as well as providing desirable functionalities through innovation in device design. Herein, we intend to provide a comprehensive overview on exploitation of microfluidic devices in sample extraction covering all aspects of design, fabrication, operation, and different extraction methods as well as the challenges and developing motifs for future studies.

Emergence of microfluidic devices in sample extraction; an overview of diverse methodologies, principals, and recent advancements

We introduce a method to couple solid-phase microextraction (SPME) with HPLC-MS using digital microfluidics (DMF). In the new system, SPME fibers are used to extract analytes from complex sample solutions, after which the analytes are desorbed into solvent droplets in a DMF device. The open geometry of DMF allows straightforward insertion of SPME fibers without requiring a complicated interface, and automated droplet manipulation enables multiplexed processing of the fibers. In contrast to other multiplexed SPME elution interfaces, the low volumes inherent to DMF allow for pre-concentration of analytes prior to analysis. The new SPME-DMF-HPLC-MS method was applied to the quantification of pg/mL-level free steroid hormones in urine. We propose that this new method will be useful for a wide range of applications requiring cleanup and pre-concentration with convenient coupling to high-performance analytical techniques.

A digital microfluidic interface between solid-phase microextraction and liquid chromatography

https://www.jfda-online.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1239&context=journal

Electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD): Current perspectives and applications in ensuring food safety

In the present study, the purification and extraction of five chemical warfare agent (CWA) simulants, dimethyl methyl phosphonate, di(propylene glycol) methyl ether, methyl salicylate, triethyl phosphate, and diethyl phthalate, on a digital microfluidic (DMF) device were demonstrated. The DMF on-chip purification and extraction was performed using a magnetic bead (MB)-based diol solid-phase extraction procedure. The extracted CWA simulants were detected using both matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The method detection limits of the DMF-MS approach using diol-MBs were also determined. In particular, for the DMF-GC-MS, the quantitative analysis ability was validated by determining accuracy, precision, calibration curve performance, and recovery efficiency. This study clearly shows that the CWA analyses can be automated on the DMF-MS platform, thereby minimizing human involvement.

Sample preparation of chemical warfare agent simulants on a digital microfluidic (DMF) device using magnetic bead-based solid-phase extraction

To avoid possible danger, simulants of chemical warfare nerve gas agents, such as dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP), triethyl phosphate (TEP), di(propylene glycol) monomethyl ether (DPGMME), methyl salicylate, and diethyl phthalate (DEP), are often used for the development of a new detection and analysis method. In the present study, several MALDI matrices were evaluated to determine the optimal matrix for the simultaneous Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) detection of the above-mentioned five chemical warfare agent (CWA) simulants, and α-cyanohydroxycinnamic acid (CHCA) was found to be most effective in detecting all of the simulants without interference from strong background matrix peaks. Furthermore, the limits of detection for the five simulants were roughly estimated with the CHCA matrix. This information is expected to be important for the development of future electrowetting-on-dielectrics (EWOD)-based sample preparation methods that can be subjected to subsequent analysis by MALDI-TOF MS.

MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Chemical Warfare Nerve Agent Simulants

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Sample preparation of chemical warfare agent simulants on a digital microfluidic (DMF) device using magnetic bead-based solid-phase extraction

MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Chemical Warfare Nerve Agent Simulants