Sulfur mustard is a member of the vesicant class of chemical warfare agents that causes blistering to the skin and mucous membranes. There is no specific antidote, and treatment consists of systematically alleviating symptoms. Historically, sulfur mustard was used extensively in inter-governmental conflicts within the trenches of Belgium and France during World War I and during the Iran-Iraq conflict. Longitudinal studies of exposed victims show that sulfur mustard causes long-term effects leading to high morbidity. Given that only a small amount of sulfur mustard is necessary to potentially cause an enormous number of casualties, disaster-planning protocol necessitates the education and training of first-line healthcare responders in the recognition, decontamination, triage, and treatment of sulfur mustard-exposed victims in a large-scale scenario.

Mustard gas or sulfur mustard: an old chemical agent as a new terrorist threat.

A fluorescent turn-on sensor for the selective and sensitive detection of sulfur mustard simulants in water that uses a metal-ion indicator displacement assay (IDA) has been devised. In this IDA approach, a sulfur mustard simulant (the analyte) is allowed to react with a dithiol (1) to form a podand (2). This podand has a strong affinity to bind with Cd(2+) and displaces an indicator (4-methylesculetin, ME) from a Cd(2+)-indicator complex (8) to give a turn-on of fluorescence. The detection is rapid and highly selective, as we did not observe any interference from other electrophiles, even from the oxygen analogue of the mustard simulant. The protocol was successfully used for the detection of the simulant present on surfaces and in soil samples.

A selective turn-on fluorescent sensor for sulfur mustard simulants.

Protection is obligatory for the safety of people in certain occupations where they might be exposed to hazardous chemicals. This review provides an overview of chemical protective clothing, along ...

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1528083718779426

Advances and applications of chemical protective clothing system

Historical perspective on effects and treatment of sulfur mustard injuries

Despite international prohibition, some ill-intentioned states and organisations have shown their will and capacity to run chemical weapon programs, and the number of incidents involving chemical warfare agents (CWA) has significantly increased in recent years. Herein, we aimed to offer a clear overview of chemical warfare agents to organic chemists not specialized in this field by (1) introducing the main CWAs and their relevant simulants legally usable in academic laboratories and (2) presenting a selection of recent and soft neutralisation methods, such as organocatalysis and continuous flow, and materials such as metal–organic frameworks and polyoxometalates. These modern approaches offer potential future alternatives to “heavy” decontamination methods.

/pdf/introduction-to-chemical-warfare-agents-relevant-simulants-3ppqizivpq.pdf

Introduction to chemical warfare agents, relevant simulants and modern neutralisation methods

As one of the most important vesicant agents, the destructive properties of mustards on the skin, eyes and respiratory system, combined with a lack of antidote, makes them effective weapons. Such weapons are inexpensive, easily obtainable and frequently stockpiled. Sulphur mustard (mustard gas) has been used as a chemical warfare agent in at least 10 conflicts. In this article, the use of mustard as a potential agent of chemical warfare and terrorism is outlined. The dose-dependent effects of acute sulphur mustard exposure on the skin, eyes, and respiratory system are described, as well as the possible extents of injuries, the mechanisms of action and the long-term complications. Prevention and management of mustard exposure are briefly discussed. The need for awareness and preparedness in the dermatological community regarding mustard exposure is emphasized.

Mustard: a potential agent of chemical warfare and terrorism

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Mustard: a potential agent of chemical warfare and terrorism