The term photonic crystals appears because of the analogy between electron waves in crystals and the light waves in artificial periodic dielectric structures. During the recent years the investigation of one-, two-and three-dimensional periodic structures has attracted a widespread attention of the world optics community because of great potentiality of such structures in advanced applied optical fields. The interest in periodic structures has been stimulated by the fast development of semiconductor technology that now allows the fabrication of artificial structures, whose period is comparable with the wavelength of light in the visible and infrared ranges.

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/6354/16969/00781867.pdf

Photonic crystals

A mobile terminal including a body; a touchscreen provided to a front and extending to side of the body and configured to display content; and a controller configured to detect one side of the body comes into contact with one side of an external terminal, display a first area on the touchscreen corresponding to a contact area of the body and the external terminal and a second area including the content, receive an input of moving the content displayed in the second area to the first area, display the content in the first area, and share the content in the first area with the external terminal.

Mobile terminal and method for controlling the same

The present invention provides a heterocyclic compound and an organic light-emitting device including the heterocyclic compound. The organic light-emitting devices using the heterocyclic compounds have high-efficiency, low driving voltage, high luminance and long lifespan.

Organic light-emitting device

The control of luminous radiation has extremely important implications for modern and future technologies as well as in medicine. In this Review, we detail chemical structures and their relevant photophysical features for various groups of materials, including organic dyes such as metalloporphyrins and metallophthalocyanines (and derivatives), other common organic materials, mixed metal complexes and clusters, fullerenes, dendrimeric nanocomposites, polymeric materials (organic and/or inorganic), inorganic semiconductors, and other nanoscopic materials, utilized or potentially useful for the realization of devices able to filter in a smart way an external radiation. The concept of smart is referred to the characteristic of those materials that are capable to filter the radiation in a dynamic way without the need of an ancillary system for the activation of the required transmission change. In particular, this Review gives emphasis to the nonlinear optical properties of photoactive materials for the functi...

Nonlinear Optical Materials for the Smart Filtering of Optical Radiation.

Porphyrins and phthalocyanines have outstanding chemical and thermal stability. The macrocyclic structure and chemical reactivity of tetrapyrroles offers architectural flexibility and facilitates the tailoring of chemical, physical and optoelectronic parameters. The specific optical properties of the tetrapyrrole macrocycle combined with the synthetic methodologies now available and the already available theoretical and spectroscopic knowledge on their optical behavior make porphyrins a target of choice for this area. They are versatile organic nanomaterials with a rich photochemistry and their excited state properties are easily modulated through conformational design, molecular symmetry, metal complexation, orientation and strength of the molecular dipole moment, size and degree of conjugation of the π-systems, and appropriate donor-acceptor substituents. Here we review the structural chemistry and optical properties of recently synthesized porphyrin derivatives that offer potential for nonlinear optical (NLO) applications and complement existing studies on phthalocyanines. Classes of interest include the classic A4 symmetric tetrapyrroles, while optimized systems include push-pull porphyrins, oligomeric and supramolecular self-assembled systems, films and nanoparticle systems, and highly conjugated porphyrin arrays.

Nonlinear Optical Properties of Porphyrins

This disclosure generally relates to display driver circuits for electro-optic displays, and more particularly relates to circuits and methods for driving active matrix organic light emitting diode displays with greater efficiency. A display driver for an electroluminescent display, the display including a plurality of electroluminescent display elements each associated with a display element driver circuit, each display element driver circuit including a drive transistor having a control connection for driving the associated display element in accordance with a voltage on the control connection, the display driver including at least one display element brightness controller to provide an output to drive a control connection to control the electroluminescent output from a display element; a voltage sensor to sense the voltage on a control connection; and a power controller for controlling an adjustable power supply for providing an adjustable voltage to the electroluminescent display to power said drive transistors for driving said display elements, the power controller being configured to provide a control signal to adjust said power supply voltage in response to said sensed voltage.

Display driver circuits

Display driver circuits for driving an organic light emitting diode display, particularly a passive matrix display with greater efficiency are described. The display includes at least one electroluminescent display element, and the driver includes at least one substantially constant current generator for driving the display element. The display driver control circuitry includes a drive voltage sensor for sensing a voltage on a first line in which the current is regulated by the constant current generator; and a voltage controller coupled to the drive voltage sensor for controlling the voltage of a supply for the constant current generator in response to said sensed voltage, and configured to control the supply voltage to increase the efficiency of said display driver.

Display driver circuits for electroluminescent displays, using constant current generators

Optical limiting properties of a zinc porphyrin polymer and its dimer and monomer model compounds

This invention generally relates to display driver circuits for electro-optic displays, and more particularly relates to circuits and methods for reducing the re-emission of absorbed light, for example to increase the colour gamut of organic light emitting diode displays. A driver for a display comprising a plurality of light emitting diode display elements, the driver comprising addressing circuitry to address said display elements, a first driver to cooperate with said address circuitry to provide a forward drive to at least one of said display elements to illuminate the display element, and a second driver to provide a reverse bias drive to others of said display elements at the same time as said at least one display element is illuminated to reduce a level of photoluminescence from said others of said display elements.

Electroluminiscent display and driver circuit to reduce photoluminesence

This invention relates to methods and apparatus for driving emissive, in particular organic light emitting diodes (OLED) displays using multi-line addressing (MLA) techniques. Embodiments of the invention are particularly suitable for use with so-called passive matrix OLED displays. A method of driving an emissive display, the display comprising a plurality of pixels each addressable by a row electrode and a column electrode, the method comprising: driving a plurality of said column electrodes with a first set of column drive signals; and driving two or more of said row electrodes with a first set of forward bias row drive signals at the same time as said column electrode driving with said column drive signals; then driving said plurality of column electrodes with a second and subsequent sets of column drive signals; and driving said two or more row electrodes with a second and subsequent sets of forward bias row drive signals at the same time as said column electrode driving with said second column drive signals.

Multi-line addressing methods and apparatus

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