Hybrid and electric vehicle technology has seen rapid development in recent years. The motor and the generator are at the heart of the vehicle drive and energy system and often utilize expensive rare-earth permanent magnet (PM) material. This paper reviews and addresses the research work that has been carried out to reduce the amount of rare-earth material that is used while maintaining the high efficiency and performance that rare-earth PM machines offer. These new machines can use either less rare-earth PM material, weaker ferrite magnets, or no magnets; and they need to meet the high performance that the more usual interior PM synchronous motor with sintered neodymium-iron-boron magnets provides. These machines can take the form of PM-assisted synchronous reluctance machines, induction machines, switched reluctance machines, wound rotor synchronous machines (claw pole or biaxially excited), double-saliency machines with ac or dc stator current control, or brushless dc multiple-phase reluctance machines.

Automotive Electric Propulsion Systems With Reduced or No Permanent Magnets: An Overview

Commuting by bicycle has advantages over other modes of transport,both for the commuter and for society.Although cycling is an option for many commuters,a considerable number of them choose to use other forms of trans-port.In order to underpin policies that promote commuting by bicy-cle,this paper investigates the de-terminants for commuting to work.As many bicycle commuters do notcycle every day,we also examine people’s daily choices,in terms of frequency.We conducted a survey of the current literature in order to identify the determinants for com-muting by bicycle.We found many determinants,not all of which are addressed by conventional mode choice studies and models.This suggests that predicting and influ-encing bicycle use needs to be grounded in other kinds of knowl-edge than those currently available for motorized forms of transport.

Commuting by Bicycle:An Overview of the Literature

/pdf/liolios-xerolibadiotes-enas-agnoemenos-makedonas-agonistes-xpyhzwqzhp.pdf

Λιόλιος Ξερολιβαδιώτης : ένας αγνοημένος Μακεδόνας αγωνιστής του '21 και λίγα για την ιστορία του Ξερολιβάδου/ Γιώργου Χ. Χιονίδη

The rapid consumption of fossil fuel and increased environmental damage caused by it have given a strong impetus to the growth and development of fuel-efficient vehicles. Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) have evolved from their inchoate state and are proving to be a promising solution to the serious existential problem posed to the planet earth. Not only do HEVs provide better fuel economy and lower emissions satisfying environmental legislations, but also they dampen the effect of rising fuel prices on consumers. HEVs combine the drive powers of an internal combustion engine and an electrical machine. The main components of HEVs are energy storage system, motor, bidirectional converter and maximum power point trackers (MPPT, in case of solar-powered HEVs). The performance of HEVs greatly depends on these components and its architecture. This paper presents an extensive review on essential components used in HEVs such as their architectures with advantages and disadvantages, choice of bidirectional converter to obtain high efficiency, combining ultracapacitor with battery to extend the battery life, traction motors’ role and their suitability for a particular application. Inclusion of photovoltaic cell in HEVs is a fairly new concept and has been discussed in detail. Various MPPT techniques used for solar-driven HEVs are also discussed in this paper with their suitability.

/pdf/a-comprehensive-review-on-hybrid-electric-vehicles-3pxjmbw5qy.pdf

A comprehensive review on hybrid electric vehicles: architectures and components

Users and Internet service providers (ISPs) are constantly affected by denial-of-service (DoS) attacks. This cyber threat continues to grow even with the development of new protection technologies. Developing mechanisms to detect this threat is a current challenge in network security. This article presents a machine learning- (ML-) based DoS detection system. The proposed approach makes inferences based on signatures previously extracted from samples of network traffic. The experiments were performed using four modern benchmark datasets. The results show an online detection rate (DR) of attacks above 96%, with high precision (PREC) and low false alarm rate (FAR) using a sampling rate (SR) of 20% of network traffic.

/pdf/smart-detection-an-online-approach-for-dos-ddos-attack-4tuk7c0ffw.pdf

Smart Detection: An Online Approach for DoS/DDoS Attack Detection Using Machine Learning

Compact stator structure of flux switching machines (FSMs) encompassing both permanent magnets (PMs) and armature winding slots (AWS) attract research interest whenever high power and density are the basic requirements. However, it also results in temperature rises owing to heat generation by electromagnetic power losses degrading the electromagnetic performance and affecting machine performance. In this study, a segmented permanent magnet (SPM) consequent pole FSM (SPM-CPFSM) is developed, which provides a stator cooling channel (duct) for improved heat dissipation to avoid demagnetization of PM as well as overheating. Furthermore, this study investigates detailed electromagnetic performance analysis and prediction of temperature variation in various machine parts owing to the heat generated by iron, copper, and magnet eddy current losses utilizing coupled electromagnetic-thermal analysis accounting for magnetic flux density variation. In comparison with the 2D analysis, the developed 3D coupled-field analysis more accurately predicts electromagnetic performance and temperature distribution. Analysis reveals that a cooling duct at the stator significantly assists in stator heat dissipation in the axial direction ensuring a safe operating condition of the PMs as well as machine parts to avoid overheating.

/pdf/coupled-electromagnetic-thermal-analysis-of-segmented-pm-2q8yvevpou.pdf

Coupled electromagnetic-thermal analysis of segmented PM consequent pole flux switching machine

Oils acts as insulation and cooling agent in the transformer. Petroleum-based oils are widely used in transformers due to their qualified properties as good insulation materials. Unfortunately, the used of petroleum-based oils has adverse effects on environment in the event of any failure to transformers such as tank leakage or explosions. Therefore, researchers have been studied and have found environmentally friendly oil that is suitable as substitutes in transformer. Thus, breakdown voltage tests using direct current and alternating current with the addition of different water content were performed to identify the potential of palm oil and coconut oil in the transformer isolation system. Refined, Bleached and Deodorized oil (RBDPO) and coconut oil samples were selected to be test in this study. The oil samples were test by varies the gap distance of test cell electrode and the level of water content. As a conclusion, RBDPO oil has greater breakdown voltage test under DC breakdown voltage test in term of increment of the gap distance.

/pdf/breakdown-characteristic-of-palm-and-coconut-oil-with-1wleg7obuy.pdf

Breakdown Characteristic of Palm and Coconut Oil with Different Moisture

Optimization of 12S-14P Permanent Magnet Flux Switching Motor (PMFSM) for Electric Scooter Application

Diverse topology of three-phase and single-phase Field Excitation Flux Switching Machines (FEFSMs) that have
been developed recently have several advantages such as variable flux capability and the single piece structure of rotor
suitable for high-speed applications. However, overlap windings between armature and FEC cause the fundamental
principles of the develop machine with salient pole rotor created the problems of high end coil, increases size of motor as
well as high copper losses. A new topology of single phase segmented rotor FEFSM with 12S-6P configuration is
presented with the advantages of non-overlap armature and FEC windings, less weight, low copper loss and high
efficiency. The design, operating principles, characteristics of torque, speed and power of this new topology is investigated
by JMAG-Designer via a 2D Finite Element Analysis (2D-FEA), while Solidwork software is used in the fabrication
process. The initial design enables to obtain maximum torque and power of 16.6Nm and 10.74kW, respectively suitable for
High Density Air Conditioner.

Prototype development of a new single-phase FEFSM segmented rotor for high density air conditioner

Conventional power factor meter uses analogue
system to read the power factor of an AC electric power system
which is defined as the ratio of the real power to the apparent
power. In the modern life, an easy-captured data yet cost
effective power factor measurement device is vital in the
electrical power engineering studies. The unstable reading of
the analogue based power factor meter especially in the
disturbance situations emerged the development of digital
based power factor meter (PFM) to replace the conventional
electro-dynamic types. The major advantage of using the
digital based PFM is the data read by the meter can be stored
easily for other applications or studies. This paper presents the
development of a cost effective digital PFM which is based on
an analogue-to-digital converter (ADC) provided with
ratiometric facilities. Generally, the digital power factor meter
consists of four main parts which are power supply, inputs
circuit, signal processing, and the display part. A signal
proportional to the peak voltage (Vm) is applied to the
reference input voltage of the ADC, while another signal
proportional to the product of the peak voltage (Vm) and
power factor is applied to the analogue input. Both signals are
processed through various operational amplifier based circuits
such as averager, zero detector, and differentiator. The
developed digital PFM has been tested and performed for
single phase laboratory measurements with three decimal
digits display on a liquid crystal display (LCD) unit. The
results achieved validate the functionality of the developed
digital PFM.

Development of a cost-effective op-amp based digital power factor meter

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