Most of the residents of Heliconia, Colombia, live in a continual state of malnutrition characterized by a lack of protein and an excess of carbohydrate in the diet. Kwashiorkor and Marasmus are frequently observed when such dietary imbalances occur. These conditions are seen in Heliconia, but even when the recognized symptoms of clinical malnutrition are absent, there are long-term morphological changes associated with protein deficiency.



In the present study, interest is centered on the relative effects of protein deficiency on the skeletal maturation of apparently healthy boys and girls. Incidental comparisons of clinically-diagnosed Kwashiorkor and Marasmus patients with each other and with non-affected controls are also made. It is seen that skeletal maturation in early life is delayed in almost all Heliconia children when compared to U.S. standards. Female controls appear to experience a form of catch-up growth beginning in the preadolescent period, while male controls appear more severely retarded throughout adolescence. The result is a reduction in stature most pronounced in boys and a concomitant reduction in sexual dimorphism for overall body size. The Kwashiorkor- and Marasmus-affected children show a more severe retardation of skeletal growth with no significant sex difference in their response.

Nutritional stress and growth: sex difference in adaptive response.

Specific adherence and mutual immunologic destruction occurred after contact in vitro of immune peritoneal macrophages from C57BI/6K mice with homograft target cells from A/Jax mice. Cell destruction apparently resulted from a nonphagocytic mechanism involving cell contact rather than humoral antibody. Cell destruction was determined by a plaque technique with either immunecells or target cells as monolayers.

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/145/3639/1427.full.pdf

Homograft target cells: specific destruction in vitro by contact interaction with immune macrophages.

Animal experiments have demonstrated that individuals exhibit differing tendencies to arrest growth and resorb muscle tissue under nutritional stress. Since placental and adrenocortical hormones are active in promoting muscle tissue resorption, sex differences may exist.



In order to identify such sex differences, the upper arm circumferences of 362 individuals, aged one to 60 years, living in an area of chronic protein-calorie malnutrition were compared by age and sex with published data collected from U.S. and highland Peruvian populations.



Sexual dimorphism for arm muscle circumference in the malnourished population is less than in U.S. samples of comparable age-categories. The highland population is closer to U.S. samples in the degree of dimorphism. The reduction in muscle circumference of males in the malnourished population appears to be the cause of the comparatively greater similarity of the sexes where protein-calorie malnutrition is experienced from infancy through adolescence. High muscle relief and excellent tonus in these same males indicate that reduced muscle circumference is not the result of flaccidity or higher ratios of compressible fat to muscle tissue.



Reduction of muscle tissue in undernourished males is a reduction in total metabolic demand. Such reductions are adaptive in areas of chronic nutritional stress.

Reduced sexual dimorphism in upper arm muscle circumference associated with protein-deficient diet in a South American population.

BOVINE abortion is a major cause of economic loss to the dairy industry in the United States and elsewhere; estimates suggest that from 1.5 to 5.5% of all dairy cattle pregnancies terminate in abortions, the cause of which is largely unknown1–3. Many causes of bovine abortion are recognized4 and diagnostic methods are well established, but in most laboratories only 20 to 30% of these abortions are diagnosed1–7. We report here the results of investigations of the possibility that feed contaminated with mycotoxin is a cause of previously undiagnosed bovine abortion. Recognized diagnostic procedures revealed the causes of twenty-six8 out of fifty nonselected cases of bovine abortion referred to the Wisconsin State Animal Health Laboratory. Feed from the remaining farms was collected, dried, ground and fed to pregnant rats and rabbits to establish a possible relationship between feed and abortion. Feeds from several such herds induced foetal death and resorption in the test animals.

Relationship of ochratoxin A to foetal death in laboratory and domestic animals.

This paper represents data on two experiments (using 31 replicates) in which populations of wild rabbits were exposed to different conditions of density and living space within the confined areas of a natural habitat. The analysis offered at this stage relates only to treatment effects. 

1.

Living space varying — population density held constant.

The Effects of Varying Density and Space on Sociality and Health in Animals

Feeding a diet deficient in nicotinamide, nicotinic acid, and tryptophan to pregnant rats causes death and resorption of all fetuses. This effect can be prevented by administration of either chlorpromazine or imipramine. Analysis of maternal liver at the time of fetal resorption indicates that the observed effects may be mediated through modification of the concentration of the pyridine nucleotide coenzymes.

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/145/3639/1429.full.pdf

Fetal death from nicotinamide-deficient diet and its prevention by chlorpromazine and imipramine.

Small doses of prednisolone administered on days 5–9 of gestation maintained pregnancy in protein-deficient rats. Similar results were obtained by administration of ACTH. Except for slightly smaller fetuses, the reproductive performance of animals treated with prednisolone equaled that of animals receiving ovarian hormones or transitory supplements of protein in the diet. It is suggested that maintenance of gestation by adrenocortical steroid treatment results from mobilization of maternal tissue protein. (Endocrinology 80: 829, 1967)

Maintenance of Pregnancy in Protein-Deficient Rats by Adrenocortical Steroid or ACTH Administration

Adrenocortical steroids have been found to prevent the effects of nicotinamide deficiency in both rats and dogs. In rats, adrenocortical steroids prevented the fetal death and resorption which result from feeding a nicotinamide-deficient diet. The steroids also prevented the decrease in the level of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide which otherwise occurred in animals placed on the deficient diet. In dogs, the steroids prevented and even caused remission of the symptoms of canine pellagra, the deficiency disease produced by feeding a nicotinamide-deficient diet. The toxic effects of 6-aminonicotinamide, an antimetabolite of nicotinamide, could be delayed or prevented, both in rats and in dogs, by administration of adrenocortical steroids.

Prevention and remission by adrenocortical steroids of nicotinamide deficiency disorders and of 6-aminonicotinamide toxicity in rats and dogs

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Fetal death from nicotinamide-deficient diet and its prevention by chlorpromazine and imipramine.

Maintenance of Pregnancy in Protein-Deficient Rats by Adrenocortical Steroid or ACTH Administration

Prevention and remission by adrenocortical steroids of nicotinamide deficiency disorders and of 6-aminonicotinamide toxicity in rats and dogs