Statistics: Methods and Applications.

Objective There is a lack of consensus regarding the extent to which cognitive dysfunctions may recover upon cessation of alcohol intake by alcohol-dependents (AD), and the divergent findings are most likely due to methodological differences between the various studies. The present study was aimed at conducting a very strict longitudinal study of cognitive recovery in terms of assessment points, the duration of abstinence, control of age and duration of the addiction, and by use of individual analyses in addition to mean group comparisons. Our study further focused on the 2-3 week phase of alcohol detoxification that is already known to positively affect many biological, emotional, motivational, as well as neural variables, followed by longer-term therapies for which good cognitive functioning is needed. Methods 41 AD inpatients undergoing a detoxification program, and 41 matched controls, were evaluated twice in terms of five cognitive functions (i.e., short-term memory, working memory, inhibition, cognitive flexibility, and verbal fluency) within a three-week interval [on the first day (T1) and the 18th day (T2) of abstinence for AD patients]. Emotional (positive and negative affectivity and depression) and motivational (craving) variables were also measured at both evaluation times. Results Although verbal fluency, short-term memory, and cognitive flexibility did not appear to be affected, the patients exhibited impaired inhibition and working memory at T1. While no recovery of inhibition was found to occur, the average working memory performance of the patients was comparable to that of the controls at T2. Improvements in emotional and motivational dimensions were also observed, although they did not correlate with the ones in working memory. Individual analysis showed that not all participants were impaired or recover the same functions. Conclusions While inhibition deficits appear to persist after 18 days of detoxification, deficits in working memory, which is a central component of cognition, are greatly reduced after alcohol detoxification. Individual differences in the trajectory of recovery do arise however, and it might be worth implementing individual assessments of impaired functions at the end of the detoxification phase in order to maximize the chances of success in longer-term treatments and abstinence.

/pdf/differential-spontaneous-recovery-across-cognitive-abilities-3nm4you4xt.pdf

Differential spontaneous recovery across cognitive abilities during detoxification period in alcohol-dependence

Short-term memory is implicated in a range of cognitive abilities and is critical for understanding primate cognitive evolution. To investigate the effects of phylogeny, ecology and sociality on short-term memory, we tested the largest and most diverse primate sample to date (421 non-human primates across 41 species) in an experimental delayed-response task. Our results confirm previous findings that longer delays decrease memory performance across species and taxa. Our analyses demonstrate a considerable contribution of phylogeny over ecological and social factors on the distribution of short-term memory performance in primates; closely related species had more similar short-term memory abilities. Overall, individuals in the branch of Hominoidea performed better compared to Cercopithecoidea, who in turn performed above Platyrrhini and Strepsirrhini. Interdependencies between phylogeny and socioecology of a given species presented an obstacle to disentangling the effects of each of these factors on the evolution of short-term memory capacity. However, this study offers an important step forward in understanding the interspecies and individual variation in short-term memory ability by providing the first phylogenetic reconstruction of this trait’s evolutionary history. The dataset constitutes a unique resource for studying the evolution of primate cognition and the role of short-term memory in other cognitive abilities. 

/pdf/the-evolution-of-primate-short-term-memory-1bexysbu.pdf

The Evolution of Primate Short-Term Memory

Introduction: The diagnosis threat (DT) phenomenon shows that, in some cases, reminding people with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) about their past neurological history diminishes subsequent cognitive performance. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of personal relevance (i.e., domain identification) and type of threat (i.e., implicit vs. explicit) as moderating variables. We investigated intrusive thoughts as a potential mediator.Method: Control (non-mTBI) and mTBI participants were recruited and completed a domain identification questionnaire. Under either an implicit or an explicit DT condition, they completed neuropsychological tasks assessing working memory, episodic memory, and executive processing, as well as measures of intrusive thoughts.Results: As expected, the main results showed that, for working memory and episodic memory, high identifier mTBI participants scored worse in the implicit DT condition than in the explicit condition. The implicit DT condition also...

Diagnosis threat and underperformance: The threat must be relevant and implicit.

Introduction: Diagnosis threat has been shown to produce detrimental effects on neuropsychological performance in individuals with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). Focusing on contact-sport players who are at great risk of mTBI, our study was designed to examine the moderating role of internal locus of control. Specifically, we predicted that following diagnosis threat (reminder of their risk of sustaining mTBI and of its consequences), low-internal contact-sport players would underperform (assimilation to the stereotype), while their high-internal counterparts would outperform (contrast effect). We predicted that effort and anxiety would mediate these effects.Method: Contact-sport players and non-contact-sport players (“control” group) were randomly assigned to one condition (diagnosis threat or neutral) and then completed attention, executive, episodic memory, and working memory tasks. Regarding mediating and moderating variables, participants rated their effort and anxiety (self-report measu...

Stereotype contrast effect on neuropsychological assessment of contact-sport players: The moderating role of locus of control.

The classical Brown-Peterson task is generally supp osed to assess working memory capacities. To date, however, the construct validity of the tas k remains mostly unexamined. In this context, the aim of the present study was to demonstrate the convergent and the divergent validity as well as the clinical and the developmental sensitivity o f a computerized version of the Brown-Peterson test. A group of 726 French-speaking participants a ged from 18 to 86 years and 47 patients who had sustained a traumatic brain injury (TBI) were a dministered the Brown-Peterson task and various other cognitive tasks assessing executive f unctioning, verbal and visual memory, or processing speed. The correlation analyses revealed the good convergent of the task, which was shown to be able to distinguish between participant s with TBI and control participants. We found an effect of age and education level on the differe nt scores recorded for the Brown-Peterson test. Normative data taking into account the influence of the latter variables were thus provided. On the whole, these findings seem to confirm the valid ity of the Brown-Peterson task as a tool to assess working memory abilities.

/pdf/working-memory-assessment-construct-validity-of-the-brown-2xbw6wdfix.pdf

Working Memory Assessment: Construct Validity of the Brown-Peterson Test

Modifications des conduites émotionnelles chez les patients atteints de lésions frontales

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Working Memory Assessment: Construct Validity of the Brown-Peterson Test

Modifications des conduites émotionnelles chez les patients atteints de lésions frontales