By combining a historical institutionalism approach with institutional isomorphism and punctuated equilibrium, this paper analyses quarantine policy change across 120 years of Australian quarantine history. By anchoring our analysis within specific time periods (years before the Spanish flu, seven decades of inaction, and multiple post-1997 pandemic updates and responses), we highlight when and why policies did or did not change and how constant push-and-pulls between State and Commonwealth institutional ownership altered policy possibilities. The heart of our analysis showcases how Australia's successful COVID-19 response is a unique output of prior quarantine policies, institutional evolution, and mid-pandemic alterations of key national pandemic response plans. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/puar.13224

Australian Quarantine Policy: From Centralization to Coordination with mid-Pandemic COVID-19 Shifts.

Integrating social cognitive theory and public relations literature, this study examines the effectiveness of organizations' transparent communication in building public trust and encouraging health-protection behaviours (i e social distancing) during a pandemic, that is, the COVID-19 outbreak Three aspects of transparent communication are investigated, namely information substantiality, accountability and participation Results of an online survey of American citizens show that during the early stage of COVID-19, information substantiality by state governments and health institutes (e g , the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) increases publics' trust, which positively influences their perceived risks, behavioural control and subjective norms The participation of health institutes, rather than state governments, significantly increases public trust, whereas accountability has no effects Individuals' perceptions and attitudes towards social distancing predict their social distancing behaviour during the outbreak Theoretical and practical implications are discussed

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1468-5973.12354

The role of communication transparency and organizational trust in publics' perceptions, attitudes and social distancing behaviour: A case study of the COVID-19 outbreak

Ethical Governance and Society: A Select Bibliography:

Ethical issues in an influenza pandemic often require local government officials to make unprecedented, complex decisions. Effective planning with significant input from key community stakeholders is required well ahead of time in order to anticipate and mitigate a serious health crisis. The author evaluates the pandemic plans of 28 large cities across the United States using criteria derived from guidelines issued by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The analysis reveals that planning legitimacy can be enhanced by wider transparency and civic engagement, greater opportunities for the inclusion of all stakeholders in decision making, mock community-wide exercises and drills, as well as more public access to comprehensive emergency planning information.

Enhancing the Legitimacy of Local Government Pandemic Influenza Planning through Transparency and Public Engagement

This article discusses the plight of the homeless during public health emergencies and the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. It reviews the role of public administrators that grounds their efforts by examining their foundational purpose to serve the most vulnerable in our society. Using subsidiarity principle as the context, it discusses homelessness in America and the role of the federal Department of Housing and Urban Development and their Continuum of Care program. It also highlights the role of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention during public health emergencies and their interim guidelines for local governments in providing for the homeless during emergencies. Finally, through a case study on the city of Dallas, Texas, the article examines how local governments have responded to address the needs of the homeless during the COVID-19 pandemic. It concludes that it is imperative that public administrators at all levels of government explore areas of shared competence, cooperation, and allocate responsibility where it would yield the most efficient result.

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0275074020942062

How Local Governments Are Caring for the Homeless During the COVID-19 Pandemic

The possibility of an influenza pandemic occurring within the next two decades is very real; the role of local governments in comprehensive preparation for this global threat is crucial. The federal government has provided broad guidelines for state and local officials who are ultimately responsible for emergency response and lifesaving services, vaccination and antiviral use, and the provision of other critical support. Much of this influenza pandemic preparedness has occurred under conditions of uncertainty, and these government actions may have unprecedented legal and ethical implications. This study evaluates the pandemic influenza policies of eight large U.S. cities to determine how Department of Health and Human Services recommendations with ethical and legal implications have been addressed. The authors find that several important aspects of these guidelines are vague in many plans, and input from key stakeholders is inadequate.

Pandemic Influenza Planning: An Extraordinary Ethical Dilemma for Local Government Officials

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Pandemic Influenza Planning: An Extraordinary Ethical Dilemma for Local Government Officials