Summary
The increased level of emissions of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere due to burning of fossil fuels represents one of the main barriers toward the reduction of greenhouse gases and the control of global warming. In the last decades, the use of renewable and clean sources of energies such as solar and wind energies has been increased extensively. However, due to the tremendously increasing world energy demand, fossil fuels would continue in use for decades which necessitates the integration of carbon capture technologies (CCTs) in power plants. These technologies include oxycombustion, pre-combustion, and post-combustion carbon capture. Oxycombustion technology is one of the most promising carbon capture technologies as it can be applied with slight modifications to existing power plants or to new power plants. In this technology, fuel is burned using an oxidizer mixture of pure oxygen plus recycled exhaust gases (consists mainly of CO2). The oxycombustion process results in highly CO2-concentrated exhaust gases, which facilitates the capture process of CO2 after H2O condensation. The captured CO2 can be used for industrial applications or can be sequestrated. The current work reviews the current status of oxycombustion technology and its applications in existing conventional combustion systems (including gas turbines and boilers) and novel oxygen transport reactors (OTRs). The review starts with an introduction to the available CCTs with emphasis on their different applications and limitations of use, followed by a review on oxycombustion applications in different combustion systems utilizing gaseous, liquid, and coal fuels. The current status and technology readiness level of oxycombustion technology is discussed. The novel application of oxycombustion technology in OTRs is analyzed in some details. The analyses of OTRs include oxygen permeation technique, fabrication of oxygen transport membranes (OTMs), calculation of oxygen permeation flux, and coupling between oxygen separation and oxycombustion of fuel within the same unit called OTR. The oxycombustion process inside OTR is analyzed considering coal and gaseous fuels. The future trends of oxycombustion technology are itemized and discussed in details in the present study including: (i) ITMs for syngas production; (ii) combustion utilizing liquid fuels in OTRs; (iii) oxy-combustion integrated power plants and (iv) third generation technologies for CO2 capture. Techno-economic analysis of oxycombustion integrated systems is also discussed trying to assess the future prospects of this technology. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Oxy-fuel combustion technology: current status, applications, and trends

Effect of char gasification on NOx formation process in the deep air-staged combustion in a 20 kW down flame furnace

Experimental study on NOx emission characteristics of oxy-biomass combustion

AEL Mining Services (AEL/UP‐4400021845) and by the National Research Foundation (NRF) of South Africa (Grant 83874).

Review of Gasless Pyrotechnic Time Delays

An experimental investigation on NOx emissions of pulverized char combustion in oxygen-enriched air was carried out in a new test system consisting of a circulating fluidized bed (CFB) and a down-fired combustor (DFC). In this paper, the pulverized char combustion characteristics and NOx emission characteristics in the air conditions, the local oxygen-enriched air conditions in the CFB and the overall oxygen-enriched air conditions were studied. The results show that when the primary air oxygen concentration increased from 21.0% to 24.6% and to 28.2%, the ratio of fuel-nitrogen converted to nitrogen in the CFB increased from 39.7% to 45.0% and to 50.8%, respectively. This finding indicates that the preheating process in the CFB was one of the important reasons why the preheating combustion technology could significantly reduce NOx emissions. Compared with the air combustion conditions, the NO emissions decreased to almost half of the original emissions when only the primary air oxygen concentration increased. On this basis, the NO emissions increased slightly when the air oxygen concentration was also increased in the DFC. Under these conditions, the variations in the char combustion efficiency were consistent with the variations in the temperature distribution. The feasibility and superiority of integrating the preheating combustion technology and oxygen-enriched air combustion technology are verified.

Experimental investigation of NOx emissions during pulverized char combustion in oxygen-enriched air preheated with a circulating fluidized bed

The Mn/MnO2 reactive system was investigated as a suitable replacement for the traditional W/BaCrO4/KClO4/diatomaceous earth delay composition. The delay performance, ignition sensitivity, and aging characteristics were examined in aluminum microchannels similar in diameter to common delay housings (4.7 mm). Stoichiometries with measured combustion temperatures between 1358 and 2113 K were self-sustaining with combustion velocities ranging from 2.4 to 7.3 mm s–1. The Mn/MnO2 system produced less gas than W/BaCrO4/KClO4/diatomaceous earth compositions allowing consideration for use in sealed delay housings. Accelerated aging at 70 °C and 30% relative humidity for 8 weeks resulted in no measurable loss of performance. Safety characterization showed that this composition is not sensitive to ignition by friction or electrostatic stimuli. The combustion products (as determined by X-ray diffraction) appear to be benign based on current regulations. Therefore, the Mn/MnO2 system appears to be a suitable low gas-...

Performance and Aging of Mn/MnO2 as an Environmentally Friendly Energetic Time Delay Composition

Replacement reactive systems for the tungsten delay composition (W/BaCrO4/KClO4/diatomaceous earth) are needed due to recent concerns over the toxicity of hex- avalent chromium and perchlorates. Systems based on con- densed phase reactions, that are typically used in combus- tion synthesis (e.g., Ti/C or Ni/Al) are of interest as replace- ments due to their wide range of combustion velocities and potentially low environmental impact. In this work, the combustion characteristics of the Ti/C-3Ni/Al reactive system were examined in microchannels with inner diame- ters ranging from 3.0-6.0 mm (i.e., similar to that of a common delay housing). It was found that this reactive system could be tailored to overcome the heat losses asso- ciated with small diameter microchannels by changing the relative amounts of Ti/C and 3Ni/Al. At 40 wt.-% Ti/C con- tent, the failure diameter was found to be between 3.0 and 4.0 mm, while at 30 wt.-% Ti/C the failure diameter was be- tween 4.8 and 6.0 mm. Measured combustion temperatures in metal microchannels were approximately 1700 K while those of unconfined pellets were around 100 K greater. In- creasing Ti/C content resulted in faster combustion veloci- ties while decreasing microchannel diameter resulted in slower combustion velocities. At these small sizes the ef- fects of adding a thermal barrier (specifically Grafoil�) to minimize radial heat losses to the microchannel were shown to be minimal with respect to combustion velocity. The Ti/C-3Ni/Al system was shown to be a suitable delay fuze composition with tunable combustion velocities rang- ing from 2.1-38.1 mm s � 1 in aluminum microchannels with diameters ranging from 4.0-6.0 mm.

Ti/C-3Ni/Al as a Replacement Time Delay Composition

Oxy-fuel combustion: Laboratory experiments and pilot scale tests

An explosion yielding a blast wave can cause catastrophic damage to a building and its personnel. This threat defines an immediate importance for understanding blast mitigation techniques via readily available materials. An unconfined mass of water in the form of a free flowing sheet is one possible readily available mitigant. This chapter focuses narrowly on the protection of high-valued structures and other large targets where removal from the threat zone is often impossible. In these situations, methods are needed to dissipate and reflect incoming blast waves and mitigate damage potential. Any proposed mitigation method must be evaluated for effectiveness, and while steady advances in computational physics have been made in this area, experimentation remains crucial. Therefore, this chapter emphasizes experimental methods for evaluation of blast mitigation, both from a practical and fundamental standpoint. In addition, some of the capabilities of current computational methods are highlighted. The chapter begins with a review of the underlying physics. This is followed by a brief overview of experimental methods. Finally, the remainder of the chapter is dedicated to recent experimental and computational results for a potential configuration involving protective water sheets.

Experimental Investigation of Blast Mitigation for Target Protection

. The rocket design built upon a student led design project started in 2004. In the course, the group of 27 students were divided into five groups: aerodynamics and recovery (AR dynamics, controls, and electromechanics (DCE); ground support and testing (GST); material and structures (MS and propulsion (PROP). The A&R team was responsible for ensuring a stable flight of the hybrid rocket to a projected altitude with successful recovery of the

Hybrid Rocket Design/Build/Test Course at Purdue University

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