In recent years, Carbon Capture and Storage (Sequestration) (CCS) has been proposed as a potential method to allow the continued use of fossil-fuelled power stations whilst preventing emissions of CO2 from reaching the atmosphere. Gas, coal (and biomass)-fired power stations can respond to changes in demand more readily than many other sources of electricity production, hence the importance of retaining them as an option in the energy mix. Here, we review the leading CO2 capture technologies, available in the short and long term, and their technological maturity, before discussing CO2 transport and storage. Current pilot plants and demonstrations are highlighted, as is the importance of optimising the CCS system as a whole. Other topics briefly discussed include the viability of both the capture of CO2 from the air and CO2 reutilisation as climate change mitigation strategies. Finally, we discuss the economic and legal aspects of CCS.

Carbon capture and storage update

https://sequestration.mit.edu/pdf/Herzog_EnergyEconomics_2011.pdf

Scaling up carbon dioxide capture and storage: From megatons to gigatons

Transport of carbon dioxide (CO2) via pipeline from the point of capture to a geologically suitable location for either sequestration or enhanced hydrocarbon recovery is a vital aspect of the carbon capture and storage (CCS) chain. This means of CO2 transport has a number of advantages over other means of CO2 transport, such as truck, rail, and ship. Pipelines ensure continuous transport of CO2 from the capture point to the storage site, which is essential to transport the amount of CO2 captured from the source facilities, such as fossil fuel power plants, operating in a continuous manner. Furthermore, using pipelines is regarded as more economical than other means of CO2 transport The greatest challenges of CO2 transport via pipelines are related to integrity, flow assurance, capital and operating costs, and health, safety and environmental factors. Deployment of CCS pipeline projects is based either on point-to-point transport, in which case a specific source matches a specific storage point, or through the development of pipeline networks with a backbone CO2 pipeline. In the latter case, the CO2 streams, which are characterised by a varying impurity level and handled by the individual operators, are linked to the backbone CO2 pipeline for further compression and transport. This may pose some additional challenges. This review involves a systematic evaluation of various challenges that delay the deployment of CO2 pipeline transport and is based on an extensive survey of the literature. It is aimed at confidence-building in the technology and improving economics in the long run. Moreover, the knowledge gaps were identified, including lack of analyses on a holistic assessment of component impurities, corrosion consideration at the conceptual stage, the effect of elevation on CO2 dense phase characteristics, permissible water levels in liquefied CO2, and commercial risks associated with project abandonment or cancellation resulting from high project capital and operating costs.

/pdf/a-systematic-review-of-key-challenges-of-co2-transport-via-2wfdoj0a9b.pdf

A systematic review of key challenges of CO2 transport via pipelines

The future of the global environment is at threat due to global warming and climate change primarily driven by greenhouse gas emissions. Bioenergy with carbon dioxide capture and storage/utilisation (BECCS/U) through its CO2 negative emission capacity is considered a principal component of global mitigation strategies as agreed in the Paris climate change agreement. In this study, the current global status and efforts to implement BECCS systems are comprehensively reviewed. The potential for thermochemical conversion processes (combustion, gasification, pyrolysis, and liquefaction) to manifest within BECCS systems is analysed, in addition to their integration potential with carbon dioxide capture methods. Outcomes suggest that gasification and combustion processes when integrated with CO2 capture and storage (CCS), within combine heat and power (CHP) configurations, biomass integrated gasification combine cycle (BIGCC) and chemical looping cycle (CLC) are mature technologies. Furthermore, this review indicates that pyrolysis and liquefaction process are commercial and lab-scale respectively. When integrated within BECCS systems, pyrolysis systems are at the pilot level and liquefaction processes are at lab scale. Moreover, a comprehensive discussion on the negative emission potential from various BECCS configurations is provided, highlighting their role in advancing bio-refineries through waste management and conversion to value-added products such as biochar, ethanol, bio diesel etc. The pyrolysis process has CO2 mitigation potential of 2.2 GtCO2/year by 2020-2050. Finally, an insight into the commercial barriers and future perspectives of BECCS technologies, role of international supply chains therein, and the need for effective stakeholder management to facilitate BECCS systems within global trade.

A comprehensive review of biomass based thermochemical conversion technologies integrated with CO2 capture and utilisation within BECCS networks

Caprock integrity and public perception studies of carbon storage in depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs

Assessing issues of financing a CO2 transportation pipeline infrastructure

CO2 Capture Project's CCS Stakeholder Issues Review and Analysis

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Assessing issues of financing a CO2 transportation pipeline infrastructure

CO2 Capture Project's CCS Stakeholder Issues Review and Analysis