Inverter-based resources respond differently than synchronous generation sources during power system faults, challenging line protection reliability. To understand the reliability challenges, Sandia National Laboratories and North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) led a collaborative study with four inverter manufacturers (mix of Type 3 Wind, Type 4 Wind, and PV Solar) and two North American protective relay manufacturers. As part of this study, an electromagnetic transients program (EMTP) with “real-code” models representing inverter firmware was used to investigate the protective relay response to faults on the modeled power system with the different inverter types. The currents and voltages obtained from the study were then played back through line relay hardware with settings typical of systems with conventional generation. The protective relays exhibited the expected reliability challenges but provided insight into the behavior of inverter-based resources during power system faults. In this paper, we share some of the challenging cases with the responses of the different line protection schemes. Using insight from the various event records, Part II of this paper shows how relay settings can be modified to obtain a substantial improvement in reliability.

Transmission Line Protection for Systems With Inverter-Based Resources – Part I: Problems

This paper presents a new protection algorithm for double circuit transmission lines using the sum of ratios of modal currents. Relay-operating characteristics is proposed using the complex ratio of modal currents. The proposed algorithm estimates modal domain line parameters and identifies the faulty phases for single pole-tripping applications even during inter-circuit faults. The scheme is sensitive to high resistance internal faults and also detects internal faults with outfeed. The proposed scheme is immune to mutual coupling and is found robust to uncertainties in parameter estimation due to measurement inaccuracies. The scheme is tested for its effectiveness to deal with current transformer saturation and synchronisation error. The scheme protects series compensated double circuit transmission lines even in the presence of current inversion. Exhaustive case studies in electromagnetic transient program (EMTP)/alternate transient program are performed on 400 kV, 300 km, double circuit transmission lines and the proposed protection algorithm is implemented in MATLAB. The results confirm the superiority of the proposed scheme.

New Algorithm for Protection of Double Circuit Transmission Lines Using Modal Currents

Review of recent developments in distance protection of series capacitor compensated lines

For series-compensated line, the distance relay finds its limitations during voltage inversion, current inversion, load encroachment, power swing and balanced fault during the power swing. These limitations can be overcome by wide-area backup protection schemes. This study proposes a novel fault detection technique utilising the synchrophasor data of voltage and current signals at system protection centre. The algorithm compares the phase angle difference between positive-sequence voltage phasor under system intact condition and real-time positive- or negative-sequence current phasor, which is computed from the synchronised data obtained from phasor data concentrator after identifying the possible critical buses to which the faulted line is connected. Different cases of fault type, distance and resistance have been considered to validate the proposed scheme with 3-generator, 9-bus western system coordinating council using MATLAB/Simulink platform. The results justify the suitability of the proposed scheme to be deployed for achieving more reliable performance.

https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1049/iet-gtd.2020.0285

Novel phasor sequence-based fault detection scheme for wide-area backup protection of series-compensated line

Series compensation of transmission lines creates several challenges for distance protection, particularly at the high compensation levels that have recently become more common. In this paper, the ...

Impact of high levels of series compensation on line distance protection

In order to increase power transfer capabilities, Idaho Power is upgrading two existing 230 kV series-compensated transmission lines from 28 percent compensation to 70 percent compensation.

Voltage and current inversion challenges when protecting series-compensated lines — A case study

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Voltage and current inversion challenges when protecting series-compensated lines — A case study