Nanoscale Bi-based photocatalysts are promising candidates for visible-light-driven photocatalytic environmental remediation and energy conversion. However, the performance of bulk bismuthal semiconductors is unsatisfactory. Increasing efforts have been focused on enhancing the performance of this photocatalyst family. Many studies have reported on component adjustment, morphology control, heterojunction construction, and surface modification. Herein, recent topics in these fields, including doping, changing stoichiometry, solid solutions, ultrathin nanosheets, hierarchical and hollow architectures, conventional heterojunctions, direct Z-scheme junctions, and surface modification of conductive materials and semiconductors, are reviewed. The progress in the enhancement mechanism involving light absorption, band structure tailoring, and separation and utilization of excited carriers, is also introduced. The challenges and tendencies in the studies of nanoscale Bi-based photocatalysts are discussed and summarized.

Review on nanoscale Bi-based photocatalysts

Infrared spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy provide complementary technologies for rapid and precise detection of microorganisms and are emerging methods in food analysis. It is possible to use either of these techniques to differentiate and quantify microorganisms in relatively simple matrices such as liquid media and simple solutions with determinations taking less than an hour. Vibrational spectroscopy, unlike other techniques used in microbiology, is a relatively simple method for studying structural changes occurring within a microbial cell following environmental stress and applications of food processing treatments. Vibrational spectroscopy provides a wide range of biochemical properties about bacteria in a single spectrum, most importantly characteristics of the cell membrane. These techniques are especially useful for studying properties of bacterial biofilms on contact surfaces, the presence and viability of bacterial vegetative cells and spores, the type and degree of bacterial injury, and assessment of antibiotic susceptibility. Future trends in food analysis will involve combining vibrational spectroscopy with microscopy, mass spectroscopy, or DNA-based methods to comprehensively study bacterial stress. Further advances in selectivity, sensitivity, and improved chemometric methods, along with reduction in the cost of instrumentation, may lead to the development of field-ready and real-time analytical systems.

Application of Mid-infrared and Raman Spectroscopy to the Study of Bacteria

Antibacterial activity and mechanisms of depolymerized fucoidans isolated from Laminaria japonica.

Oxygen vacancy rich Bi2O4-Bi4O7-BiO2-x composites for UV-vis-NIR activated high efficient photocatalytic degradation of bisphenol A.

Raw drinking milk (RDM) has a diverse microbial flora which can include pathogens transmissible to humans. The main microbiological hazards associated with RDM from cows, sheep and goats, horses and donkeys and camels were identified using a decision tree approach. This considered evidence of milk-borne infection and the hazard being present in the European Union (EU), the impact of the hazard on human health and whether there was evidence for RDM as an important risk factor in the EU. The main hazards were Campylobacter spp., Salmonella spp., shigatoxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), Brucella melitensis, Mycobacterium bovis and tick-borne encephalitis virus, and there are clear links between drinking raw milk and human illness associated with these hazards. A quantitative microbiological risk assessment for these hazards could not be undertaken because country and EU-wide data are limited. Antimicrobial resistance has been reported in several EU countries in some of the main bacterial hazards isolated from raw milk or associated equipment and may be significant for public health. Sale of RDM through vending machines is permitted in some EU countries, although consumers purchasing such milk are usually instructed to boil the milk before consumption, which would eliminate microbiological risks. With respect to internet sales of RDM, there is a need for microbiological, temperature and storage time data to assess the impact of this distribution route. Intrinsic contamination of RDM with pathogens can arise from animals with systemic infection as well as from localised infections such as mastitis. Extrinsic contamination can arise from faecal contamination and from the wider farm environment. It was not possible to rank control options as no single step could be identified which would significantly reduce risk relative to a baseline of expected good practice, although potential for an increase in risk was also noted. Improved risk communication to consumers is recommended. © European Food Safety Authority, 2015

/pdf/efsa-biohaz-panel-efsa-panel-on-biological-hazards-2015-34g6vsorhk.pdf

EFSA BIOHAZ Panel (EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards), 2015. Scientific Opinion on the public health risks related to the consumption of raw drinking milk

http://sites.bsyse.wsu.edu/tang/main/publications/pdfdocs/articles-published/tang194.pdf

Using of infrared spectroscopy to study the survival and injury of escherichia coli o157:h7, campylobacter jejuni and pseudomonas aeruginosa under cold stress in low nutrient media

The sections in this article are


Introduction
Synthesis of Silica Nanowires and Nanosprings
Catalyst Preparation and Application
Methods for VLS Synthesis of Nanowires
Flow Reaction Formation of Nanowires


Laser Ablation of Nanowires
Chemical Vapor Deposition and Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition of Nanowires


Functionalization of Silica 1-D Silica Nanomaterials
Toxicology Studies on 1-D Silica Nanomaterials
Intracellular Targeted Delivery
A Typical Cellular Targeting Strategy Using 1-D NS-Based Nanostructures
In Vitro Toxicity of 1-D Nanostructures
In Vivo Toxicity of 1-D Nanostructures




Biological Applications of 1-D Silica Nanomaterials
Biodetection




Keywords:

silica nanowires;
functionalization;
biomolecule;
protein;
toxicology;
biosensor

One-Dimensional Silica Structures and Their Applications to the Biological Sciences

Ordered nanoporous bismuth oxide layer consisting of metastable β-Bi2O3 phase that showed n-type semiconductivity was synthesized by a simple electrochemical anodization of bismuth substrate. When the anodic nanoporous β-Bi2O3 samples were tested as photoanodes for solar water splitting application in 0.5 M Na2SO4 (pH:5.8), and 1 M KOH (pH:13.7), the photocurrent decayed continuously with time from an initial value of 0.95 mA/cm2 under 1-sun illumination at a bias potential of 1.5 VRHE. Accumulation of photo generated holes at the photoanode/ electrolyte was attributed to the photocurrent decay. Addition of methanol as sacrificial hole scavenger was not found to be effective for the bismuth oxide photoanodes. When hydrogen peroxide was added to the 0.5 M Na2SO4 electrolyte, the photocurrent density increased to ∼4 mA/cm2 and was stable for more than 1 h of illumination of AM1.5 global light at 1.5 VRHE. Addition of hydrogen peroxide to the 1 M KOH solution showed a gradual increase in the photocurrent density for the first 300 seconds of light illumination to a maximum value of ∼10 mA/cm2 at 0.65 VRHE and then it decreased continuously. The high photocurrent density of nanoporous β-Bi2O3 in 1 M KOH + 0.3 M H2O2 was be attributed to the presence of photo-converted Bi2O4-x phase which harvested more light in the visible wavelengths. © The Author(s) 2016. Published by ECS. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives 4.0 License (CC BY-NC-ND, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/), which permits non-commercial reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is not changed in any way and is properly cited. For permission for commercial reuse, please email: oa@electrochem.org. [DOI: 10.1149/2.0721607jes] All rights reserved.

Enhanced Performance of β-Bi2O3 by In-Situ Photo-Conversion to Bi2O3-BiO2-x Composite Photoanode for Solar Water Splitting

The nitrogen-doped form of GUITAR (pseudo-Graphite from the University of Idaho Thermalized Asphalt Reaction) was examined by X-ray photoelectron, Raman, and X-ray diffraction spectroscopies and cyclic voltammetry (CV). Electrochemical studies indicate that N-GUITAR exhibits significant resistance to fouling by adsorption and by passivation. Unlike other carbon materials, it maintains fast heterogenous electron transfer (HET) kinetics with Fe(CN)63−/4− with exposure to air. The CV peak potential separation (ΔEp) of 66 mV increased to 69 mV in 3 h vs. 67 to 221 mV for a highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) electrode. Water contact angle measurements indicate that N-GUITAR was able to better maintain a hydrophilic state during the 3-h exposure, going from 55.8 to 70.4° while HOPG increased from 63.8 to 80.1°. This indicates that N-GUITAR better resisted adsorption of volatile organic compounds. CV studies of dopamine also indicate N-GUITAR is resistant to passivation. The ΔEp for the dopamine/o-dopaminoquinone couple is 83 mV indicating fast HET rates. This is reflected in the peak current ratios for the oxidation and reduction processes of 1.3 indicating that o-dopaminoquinone is not lost to passivation processes. This ratio along with the minimal signal attenuation is the best reported in literature.

https://www.mdpi.com/2311-5629/6/4/68/pdf

Electrochemical Aspects of a Nitrogen-Doped Pseudo-Graphitic Carbon Material: Resistance to Electrode Fouling by Air-Aging and Dopamine Electro-Oxidation

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Using of infrared spectroscopy to study the survival and injury of escherichia coli o157:h7, campylobacter jejuni and pseudomonas aeruginosa under cold stress in low nutrient media

One-Dimensional Silica Structures and Their Applications to the Biological Sciences

Enhanced Performance of β-Bi2O3 by In-Situ Photo-Conversion to Bi2O3-BiO2-x Composite Photoanode for Solar Water Splitting

Electrochemical Aspects of a Nitrogen-Doped Pseudo-Graphitic Carbon Material: Resistance to Electrode Fouling by Air-Aging and Dopamine Electro-Oxidation