Computer simulations of crushable agglomerates were performed using the PFC3D computer code, which adopts the distinct element method (DEM). Agglomerates were made by bonding elementary spheres in ‘crystallo-graphic’ arrays, and by giving each sphere an existence probability of 0·8. Weibull statistics of the crushing strength of the resulting agglomerates, when tested singly between parallel platens, matches that of real silica sand grains. Triaxial tests on a cubical sample made of 389 agglomerates were then simulated. Curves of isotropic compression are shown, and the effect of loading rate on the position of the compression curves is discussed in relation to the practical question of performing DEM simulations as fast as possible without creating inertia errors. Other stress paths, including conventional ‘drained’ triaxial compression, constant mean effective stress, and constant-volume paths, were also simulated from different initial stresses along the virgin e–log p′ curve. The numerical results are...

http://www-civ.eng.cam.ac.uk/geotech_new/people/bolton/mdb_pub/129_Geotechnique_No53_Issue7_633_641.pdf

Discrete element simulation of crushable soil

Sand response depends on particle morphology (size and shape). In geotechnical research and practice, size is typically assessed by sieve analysis and particle shapes are qualitatively described. Technological developments mean that digital images of sand particles can easily be obtained, enabling shape to be quantified. The complexity associated with many digital image analysis algorithms seems to have restricted their use to fundamental research studies. This study introduces a pragmatic approach for quantitative shape analysis that has the potential to be broadly adopted in geotechnical engineering research and practice. The approach generates three shape measures (convexity, sphericity, and aspect ratio) that can easily be calculated from digital images. Following an analysis of these shape measures and the imaging method used here, a database of 36 sands, including many of the sands commonly used in geotechnical research, is presented. The subjective nature of qualitative description is clear...

Analysis of an Image-Based Method to Quantify the Size and Shape of Sand Particles

INTERPRETATION OF INTERNATIONAL PARALLEL TEST ON THE MEASUREMENT OF Gmax USING BENDER ELEMENTS

Anisotropy in Elastic Deformation of Granular Materials.

Time-Dependent Shear Deformation Characteristics of Geomaterials and Their Simulation.

The modelling of non-linear stifaffess, based on elastic characteristic moduli for stiff geomaterials, is proposed, on the basis of the results of a large number of triaxial compression tests on sedimentary soft rocks, tuff, weathered granite, cement-treated soils, densely compacted gravels and sands. Axial strains from less than 0·001% to about 1% were measured by using a local gauge, while elastic Young's moduli E sbp e were obtained by applying a series of small unload/reload cycles of axial stress during each monotonic loading test. Strain increments less than about 0·001% were nearly recoverable and strain-rate-independent. For sedimentary soft rocks and cement-treated soils, the elastic Young's moduli E e from laboratory tests using high-quality undisturbed samples were very similar to the equivalent values obtained from field seismic surveys. The dependence of E e on stress state is summarized, and the effects of geomaterial type are analysed. The non-linearity during shear deformation is regarded ...

Modelling the non-linear deformation properties of stiff geomaterials

Kinematic Elasticity Of A Granular Material

Elasto-Plasticity of Sand Deformation

A triaxial testing system is described for obtaining reliable data for measuring stiffness and damping of a sand by applying cyclic load in the frequency range between 0.005 and 2.0 Hz. The system is equipped with LDTs to measure axial deformations locally, gap sensors (GSs) to measure axial and radial deformations, and a load-cell. The data acquisition units of these components were critically examined for the possible existence and the influences of time lag in the stress-strain responses of cyclic load. For the measurement of a pair of corresponding stress and strain, data acquisition systems consisting of various electronic transducers must be identical to each other. Damping ratio evaluated with axial strain by the inductive-type sensor GS was found unreliable when used with a strain-gage type load cell to measure deviator stress. The problem was totally absent in the pair of load cell and LDTs as they are strain-gage type devices having similar data acquisition units. Using the latter combination, the stiffness was observed independent of frequency, while damping showed noticeable dependency on the frequency of loading.

Triaxial Testing System for Measuring Loading-Rate Effects During Cyclic Tests of Sand

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