Physical activity has been demonstrated to have a significant impact on gut microbial diversity and function. Emerging research has revealed certain aspects of the complex interactions between the gut, exercise, microbiota, and neurodegenerative diseases, suggesting that changes in gut microbial diversity and metabolic function may have an impact on the onset and progression of neurological conditions. This study aimed to review the current literature from several databases until 1 June 2023 (PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Google Scholar) on the interplay between the gut, physical exercise, microbiota, and neurodegeneration. We summarized the roles of exercise and gut microbiota on neurodegeneration and identified the ways in which these are all connected. The gut–brain axis is a complex and multifaceted network that has gained considerable attention in recent years. Research indicates that gut microbiota plays vital roles in metabolic shifts during physiological or pathophysiological conditions in neurodegenerative diseases; therefore, they are closely related to maintaining overall health and well-being. Similarly, exercise has shown positive effects on brain health and cognitive function, which may reduce/delay the onset of severe neurological disorders. Exercise has been associated with various neurochemical changes, including alterations in cortisol levels, increased production of endorphins, endocannabinoids like anandamide, as well as higher levels of serotonin and dopamine. These changes have been linked to mood improvements, enhanced sleep quality, better motor control, and cognitive enhancements resulting from exercise-induced effects. However, further clinical research is necessary to evaluate changes in bacteria taxa along with age- and sex-based differences.

Examining the Interaction between Exercise, Gut Microbiota, and Neurodegeneration: Future Research Directions

The oral cavity and, in particular, potential oral foci might pose a risk of periprosthetic joint infection (PJI). The aim of this cohort study was to determine whether practical preoperative dental screening would reduce the prevalence of early PJI in the first month after surgery.Patients attending a specialized endoprosthesis implantation clinic between 2018 and 2022 were recruited. Two groups were examined. The test group consisted of patients attending the clinic between 2020 and 2022 and who were referred to their family dentist using a standardized form. The comparison group consisted of patients who were treated in the clinic between 2018 and 2020. They were not referred to their family dentist. The two groups were compared for the prevalence of PJI. Univariate analysis followed by multiple logistic regression was performed to confirm risk factors for PJI in this cohort.2560 individuals (test group: 1227, comparison group: 1333) were included. The prevalence of PJI was significantly lower in the test group (0.8% vs. 1.8%, p = 0.04). Multiple logistic regression with PJI as the dependent variable showed that a dental referral was a strong predictor of a lower prevalence of PJI (OR: 0.43, CI95 0.205-0.917, p = 0.03). Male gender was also strongly associated with a higher frequency of PJI (OR: 2.68, CI95 1.32-5.42, p = 0.01). Age (OR: 1.06, CI95 1.01-1.10, p = 0.01) and BMI (OR: 1.11, CI95 1.05-1.17, p < 0.01) had little effect on the risk of PJI.Dental referral using a standardized form can reduce the prevalence of early PJI. Accordingly, orthopedists and dentists should collaborate in this practical way. 

Preoperative dental screening can reduce periprosthetic infections of hip and knee endoprostheses in the first month after surgery: results of a cohort study.

Social Determinants of Cardiovascular Health

INTRODUCTION
Over the past decade, the stroke literature has begun to acknowledge and explore explanations for longstanding racial/ethnic differences in stroke outcomes. Poststroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) and poststroke aphasia are two such negative poststroke outcomes where racial/ethnic differences exist. Physiological differences, such as stroke type and lesion size, have been used to partially explain the variation in PSCI and aphasia. However, there is some evidence, although limited, that suggests neuroinflammatory processes as part of allostatic load may be a key contributor to the observed disparities.


METHOD
In this tutorial, we explore the influence of race differences in inflammation on poststroke cognitive outcomes. We suggest lifetime stress and other external determinants of health such as neighborhood environment and discriminatory practices through "weathering" explain differences in inflammation. While using an allostatic load framework, we explore the literature focusing specifically on the role of neuroinflammation on poststroke outcomes.


CONCLUSIONS
Examination of the immune response poststroke provides a foundation for understanding the mechanisms of PSCI and poststroke aphasia and the potential contributions of neuroinflammatory processes on poststroke cognitive outcomes. Furthermore, understanding of racial differences in those processes may contribute to a better understanding of racial disparities in general stroke outcomes as well as poststroke aphasia.

Looking Upstream to Understand Race/Ethnicity as a Moderator for Poststroke Neuroinflammation and a Social Determinant for Poststroke Aphasia Outcomes.

Changes in the activity of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system are responsible for a stable shift in the regulation of the cardiovascular system in essential hypertension (EH). They can be characterized as hemodynamic allostasis. The purpose of our study was to determine the role of hemodynamic parameters in allostatic load in patients with EH without metabolic syndrome. Twenty-four hours of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring was performed, followed by linear and non-linear rhythm analysis. Based on the daily index, patients with EH were divided into two groups: group 1—patients with no significant nighttime decrease in blood pressure (BP); group 2—patients who had a nocturnal decrease in BP. The control group included healthy persons aged 25 to 69 years. A linear analysis was used to determine the mean values of systolic and diastolic BP, heart rate (HR), time load of BP, circadian index, and structural point of BP. Non-linear analysis was applied to determine the mesor, amplitude, range of oscillations and % rhythm of BP and HR. The allostatic load index (ALI) was also calculated on the basis of the corresponding biomarkers. It was found that ALI was significantly higher in groups 1 and 2 in comparison with the control group. The hemodynamic mechanisms of this increase were different.

Features of Allostatic Load in Patients with Essential Hypertension without Metabolic Syndrome Depending on the Nature of Nighttime Decreases in Blood Pressure

Sex/Gender and Allostatic Mechanisms of Cardiovascular Risk and Disease

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Sex/Gender and Allostatic Mechanisms of Cardiovascular Risk and Disease