https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2022.105323

Resilience Strategies of Ports against Covid-19 in Terms of Chaos Theory

Pursuing net-zero emission operations in the shipping industry are quintessential for this sector to mitigate the environmental impact caused by hydrocarbon fuel combustion. Significant contributions to this are expected from the substitution of conventional marine fuels by alternative, emission-free fuels with lower emission footprints. This study aims to conduct a comprehensive literature review for delineating the main characteristics of the considered alternative fuels, specifically focusing on hydrogen, methanol, and ammonia, which have recently attracted attention from both industry and academia. This study comparatively assesses the potential of using these fuels in marine engines, and their subsequent performance characteristics as well as the associated environmental benefits. In addition, the required storage conditions, space, as well as the associated costs, are reviewed. Special attention is given to the safety characteristics and requirements for each alternative fuel. The results of this study demonstrate that the environmental benefits gained from alternative fuel use are pronounced only when renewable energy is considerably exploited for their production, whereas the feasibility of each fuel depends on the vessel type used and pertinent storage constraints. Hydrogen, ammonia, and methanol are considered best-fit solutions for small scale shipping, requiring minimal on-board storage. In addition, the need for comparative assessments between diesel and alternative fuels is highlighted and sheds light on marine engines’ operational characteristics. Moreover, using combinations of alternative and diesel fuels is identified as a direction towards decarbonisation of the maritime sector; intensifying the need for optimisation studies on marine engine design and operation. This study concludes with recommendations for future research directions, thus contributing to fuel research concepts that can facilitate the shipboard use of alternative fuels.

Recent advances in sustainable and safe marine engine operation with alternative fuels

Important attributes of a transportation chain are the costs of their operation, the security of supply they provide, and reducing carbon emissions throughout the chain. When making managerial decisions about the chain configuration, shippers consider the optimal choice of means of transport, carriers, or ports. Seaports, as transport nodes, determine the functioning of supply chains they serve. A constant process observed in the world shipping is the consistent increase in the average size of ships. Adapting the port and port access infrastructure to the changes observed in the world shipping is a prerequisite for maintaining the competitive position of the port, and consequently of the entire transport chain. Adequate hydrological conditions ensuring safe access to ports for increasingly larger ships are necessary for the stable functioning and development of a port and the entire region. For shippers, the certainty that the handling of larger vessels is assured regardless of any fluctuating hydro-meteorological conditions and temporary vessel entry permits is a guarantee of security of supply. This study aims to demonstrate the impact of fairway deepening on port-oriented supply chain costs and security of supply, as well as verification of the importance of these factors for cargo shippers' decision-making. The article used the case study method based on the port of Szczecin, for which the investment of deepening the fairway to 12.5 m is being implemented. The article estimates the transport costs of five transport chains served by the port of Szczecin. Our research showed that a 2.5 m increase in the permissible draught of ships results in a decrease of up to 25% in transport costs resulting mainly from the reduction in specific fuel consumption throughout the chain. The analysis of the results showed that a secondary benefit of deepening the fairway can change the structure of the port’s foreland. This conclusion was validated by means of in-depth interviews held with selected shippers cooperating with the port of Szczecin. An additional outcome of the interviews was identification of the remaining conditions that should be met to take full advantage of improved port accessibility. The research is the first step to broader studies assessing whether improving quality of port infrastructure can contribute to a reduction in emissions from ships in a port and thus facilitate the transition to zero-emission ports.

/pdf/the-impact-of-improving-the-quality-of-the-ports-1rutmjyj.pdf

The Impact of Improving the Quality of the Port’s Infrastructure on the Shippers’ Decisions

One of the most serious problems the world currently faces is global warming caused by greenhouse gases and pollution emissions. Despite the effectiveness of onshore power supply (OPS) in seaports for reducing environmental pollution, its use rate in ports in South Korea is low. Nevertheless, no study has analyzed the barriers to using OPS or explored ways to reduce air pollution from vessels. To fill this gap, this study explores why Korean liner shipping companies avoid using OPS. After a comprehensive literature review and expert interviews to identify key barriers, fuzzy AHP is employed to rank 16 barriers under four key factors. The research shows that the technical standards (BF22) of technical factors are the most significant barriers to the use of OPS. In addition, there is a differentiation in the awareness and views of using OPS among Korean liner shipping companies. This study offers insightful recommendations for developing government OPS policies. 

Key barriers to adopting onshore power supply to reduce port air pollution: Policy implications for the maritime industry in South Korea

The recent inclusion of shipping in the Fit for 55 legislation package will have large knock-on effects on the industry and consequently on end consumers. The present paper presents an innovative top-down methodology, the MSF455 model, which estimates the new vessel Operational Expenditure (OPEX) as per the provisions of the Fit for 55 package and various scenarios based on carbon tax, penalty allowances, maritime fuel tax and effect. The methodology is presented and tested against six scenarios that are based on Det Norske Veritas’s (DNV) fuel maritime projections. The model illustrates that the distinction between intra-EU and extra-EU penalty allowance creates a large disparity and thus reduction in the competitiveness of goods (produced and transported).

https://www.mdpi.com/2077-1312/10/8/1006/pdf?version=1658816969

Methodology to Assess the Technoeconomic Impacts of the EU Fit for 55 Legislation Package in Relation to Shipping

Port competitiveness: Do container terminal operators and liner shipping companies see eye to eye?

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Port competitiveness: Do container terminal operators and liner shipping companies see eye to eye?