A clustering algorithm based on energy information and cluster heads expectation for wireless sensor networks

HQCA-WSN: High-quality clustering algorithm and optimal cluster head selection using fuzzy logic in wireless sensor networks

Purpose




In particular, this paper aims to systematically analyze a few prominent wireless sensor network (WSN) clustering routing protocols and compare these different approaches according to the taxonomy and several significant metrics.




Design/methodology/approach




In this paper, the authors have summarized recent research results on data routing in sensor networks and classified the approaches into four main categories, namely, data-centric, hierarchical, location-based and quality of service (QoS)-aware, and the authors have discussed the effect of node placement strategies on the operation and performance of WSNs.




Originality/value




Performance-controlled planned networks, where placement and routing must be intertwined and everything from delays to throughput to energy requirements is well-defined and relevant, is an interesting subject of current and future research. Real-time, deadline guarantees and their relationship with routing, mac-layer, duty-cycles and other protocol stack issues are interesting issues that would benefit from further research.

A survey on clustering routing protocols in wireless sensor networks

Energy-constrained wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have been deployed widely for monitoring and surveillance purposes. Since sensor nodes (SNs) have significant power constraints (battery life), energy-efficient protocols must be employed to prolong the network lifetime. In this paper, we propose an energy-efficient protocol which provides a new way of creating distributed clusters. This protocol is a modified version of Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) protocol. The experimental results show that our protocol that takes into account both the residual energy at each SN and the distance between the SNs outperforms LEACH protocol in terms of first node death time and average residual energy.

An Energy-Efficient Threshold-Based Clustering Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

The large-scale mobile Underwater Wireless Sensor Network (UWSN) is a useful networking paradigm to explore underwater environments. The characteristics of mobile UWSNs, such as low communication bandwidth, large propagation delay, and floating node mobility are significantly different from wireless sensor networks. In this paper, we propose a new efficient routing protocol, called multi-path routing (MPR) protocol, for UWSNs to improve the transmission delay. Multi-path is utilized during the path construction from the source node to the destination node, which is composed of a series of multi-subpaths. Each multi-subpath is a sub-path from a sending node to its two-hop neighboring node, called receiving node, by one more relay nodes, where these relay nodes simultaneously are neighboring nodes of sending and receiving nodes. Due to the different propagation delay of UWSN, the packet arrival time along the different sub-path is different; thus it may avoid the data collision in the receiving node when receiving different packets from different relay nodes. It surely sends the different packet along different sub-path to significantly improve delay time and packet delivery ratio. Finally, simulation results illustrate the performance achievements of the MPR protocol in improving delay time, packet delivery ratio, throughput and reducing overhead ratio.

A low propagation delay multi-path routing protocol for underwater sensor networks

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) has been a key research topic for its multi dimensional applications. Its applications require accurate information collecting as well as, longer service life. In WSN, employing an efficient routing protocol plays a significant role in attaining such service requirements. In this paper, an energy efficient routing protocol, Context-Aware Clustering Hierarchy (CACH) has been proposed where cluster formation is entirely based on the context of the environment. Moreover, an efficient technique has been utilised to avoid similar data traffic across the network and cluster head role has been equally distributed among the nodes. The performance in the simulation shows substantial amount of energy optimisation.

Context-aware cluster-based hierarchical protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

Applications of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) have been expanded from industrial operation to daily common use. With the pace of development, a good number of state-of-the-art routing protocols have been proposed for WSN. Among many of these protocols, hierarchical or cluster-based protocol technique is adopted from the wired network because of its scalability, better manageability, and implicit energy efficiency. In this chapter, the authors have surveyed Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy, Power-Efficient Gathering in Sensor Information Systems, Adaptive Periodic Threshold-Sensitive Energy Efficient Sensor Network, and Hybrid Energy-Efficient Distributed Routing Protocols. These protocols exhibit notable characteristics and advantages compared to their contemporaries. Again, context aware computing and applications have been greatly emphasized in recent articles by renowned technologists. This approach is considered as a momentous technology that will change the way of interaction with information devices. Accordingly, context aware clustering technique carries a great deal of importance among WSN routing protocols. Therefore, the authors have investigated noteworthy context aware routing protocols such as: Context Adaptive Clustering, Data-Aware Clustering Hierarchy, Context-Aware Clustering Hierarchy, and Context-Aware Multilayer Hierarchical Protocol. Their investigation and analysis of these protocols has been included in this chapter with useful remarks. Context awareness is considered an integral part of Body Sensor Networks (BSN), which is one kind of WSN. Thus, the authors have also discussed issues related to context aware techniques used in BSN.

Clustering in Wireless Sensor Networks: Context-Aware Approaches

Evolution in Wireless Sensor Network has broadened its pervasive and ubiquitous applications in numerous fields. These applications often require accurate information collecting as well as uninterrupted, prolonged active service. Among the constituting elements of WSN, an energy efficient routing protocol plays a significant role in fulfilling such requirements. In this paper, an energy efficient routing protocol, Context Aware Multilayer Hierarchical Protocol (CAMHP) is proposed where the cluster formation is based on the context of the environment. This three layer hierarchical protocol implements cluster head and super cluster head role rotation techniques for uniform energy consumption across the network. Moreover, an efficient procedure is utilized to avoid similar data traffic from nodes to base station. Simulation results show that the proposed hierarchical protocol achieves significant performance improvement through progressive energy efficiency and longer active service.

Context-Aware Multilayer Hierarchical Protocol for Wireless Sensor Network

Application diversities of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) emphasize on consideration of all potential factors including obstacle appearance. However, most reputed protocols of WSN has no or little concerned with this issue. In this paper, simple obstacle detection techniques and their solutions for context aware hierarchical protocols are proposed. These techniques enrich the functionality and deployment ability of the network to a next higher level. Performance evaluation shows effective conjunction of the proposed techniques with the example protocol and durable functionality during obstacle emergence period.

Obstacle Handling in Context-Aware Multilayer Hierarchical Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

The present study was undertaken to isolate and characterize Newcastle disease virus (NDV) from the outbreak of layer farms for the development of BHK-21 cell adapted inactivated vaccine A total of 6 dead birds were brought to the laboratory from the outbreak area from which 18 samples (trachea, liver and brain from each) were collected Among them 3 samples were found positive for NDV through chicken embryo inoculation followed by HA test The MDT, ICPI, IVPI of all isolates was 544, 156, and 220 respectively which revealed that the field isolates were velogenic The isolated viruses were confirmed as NDV by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using fusion gene-specific primers The isolated virus was used to infect the BHK-21 cell line Later the BHK-21 cell adapted viruses were used to develop oil adjuvanted inactivated vaccine and were inoculated into chickens according to vaccination schedule The MDA was very high (112±2962) during BCRDV vaccination, which declined quickly (88±3312) Before vaccination with experimental vaccine, the level of antibody titre (HI) was very low (9±465) After vaccination at 65th day through IM, ELD50=1097/ml with experimental vaccine, the highest HI titre in RDV vaccinated group was 160±5925 whereas, experimental vaccinated group was 128±5925, and control group was 7±465 ELISA antibody titres of all the groups were 254971 (RDV, LRI@05 ml/bird), 245037 (experimental@ 025ml/ bird), 2218579 (experimental@ 050ml/bird), 2152352 (experimental@1ml/bird) 1125846 (control) respectively  The present study indicated that, BHK-21 cell adapted ND inactivated vaccine produced a satisfactory antibody titre along with conventional live RDV vaccine DOI: http://dxdoiorg/103329/mhv3i119729 Microbes and Health, June 2014 3(1): 1-4

/pdf/development-of-bhk-21-cell-line-adapted-inactivated-5ezsytzm5x.pdf

Development of BHK-21 Cell line Adapted Inactivated Newcastle Disease Vaccine

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