ADVANCE in our knowledge of the various stages of prehistoric culture in Europe has never been uniform. This was necessarily the case in the earlier days of archaeological investigation, when the material was drawn to a large extent from chance discovery. Even now systematic exploration can be pursued only to a relatively limited degree, and fortune may at any moment bring to light evidence which will affect fundan mentally our conceptions of the course of events in any given area at some particular point of time. It is, however, a remarkable, but not necessarily a surprising, fact that our knowledge of the neolithic and succeeding phases of the prehistoric period, but especially the neolithic, should so long have lagged behind that of the palaeolithic stage. It is not surprising, if only because the high antiquity of palaeolithic man and the mystery of his phylogeny have appealed strongly to the imagina? tion, and this has tended to stimulate and systematise research. Greater attention, it is true, is now paid tb the period immediately following the palaeolithic and the break in continuity, which it was once imperative to recognise, has been filled by the culture of trie epipalaeolithic or mesolithic age. But in the neolithic age itself and in the later periods, although there is rio lack of material, frequently the conditions of discovery in surface finds or in isolated hoards and caches havie precluded the study of the material in its more precise chronological relations, which is necessary for the full understanding of the lines of development and the trenid of events.The Dawn of European Civilisation.By V. Gordon Childe. (The History of Civilisation Series.) Pp. xvi + 328. (London: Kegan Paul and Co., Ltd.; New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1925.) 16s. net.

Th dawn of European civilisation

Plantation of Ulster

/pdf/the-earliest-americans-ema72wxweh.pdf

The earliest Americans

/pdf/evaluating-bayesian-radiocarbon-dated-event-count-rec-models-4dvomx9trm.pdf

Evaluating Bayesian Radiocarbon-dated Event Count (REC) models for the study of long-term human and environmental processes

Abstract. The 852/3 CE eruption of Mount Churchill, Alaska, was one of the largest first-millennium volcanic events, with a magnitude of 6.7 (VEI 6) and a tephra volume of 39.4–61.9 km3 (95 % confidence). The spatial extent of the ash fallout from this event is considerable and the cryptotephra (White River Ash east; WRAe) extends as far as Finland and Poland. Proximal ecosystem and societal disturbances have been linked with this eruption; however, wider eruption impacts on climate and society are unknown. Greenland ice core records show that the eruption occurred in winter 852/3 ± 1 CE and that the eruption is associated with a relatively moderate sulfate aerosol loading but large abundances of volcanic ash and chlorine. Here we assess the potential broader impact of this eruption using palaeoenvironmental reconstructions, historical records and climate model simulations. We also use the fortuitous timing of the 852/3 CE Churchill eruption and its extensively widespread tephra deposition of the White River Ash (east) (WRAe) to examine the climatic expression of the warm Medieval Climate Anomaly period (MCA; ca. 950–1250 CE) from precisely linked peatlands in the North Atlantic region. The reconstructed climate forcing potential of the 852/3 CE Churchill eruption is moderate compared with the eruption magnitude, but tree-ring-inferred temperatures report a significant atmospheric cooling of 0.8 ∘C in summer 853 CE. Modelled climate scenarios also show a cooling in 853 CE, although the average magnitude of cooling is smaller (0.3 ∘C). The simulated spatial patterns of cooling are generally similar to those generated using the tree-ring-inferred temperature reconstructions. Tree-ring-inferred cooling begins prior to the date of the eruption suggesting that natural internal climate variability may have increased the climate system's susceptibility to further cooling. The magnitude of the reconstructed cooling could also suggest that the climate forcing potential of this eruption may be underestimated, thereby highlighting the need for greater insight into, and consideration of, the role of halogens and volcanic ash when estimating eruption climate forcing potential. Precise comparisons of palaeoenvironmental records from peatlands across North America and Europe, facilitated by the presence of the WRAe isochron, reveal no consistent MCA signal. These findings contribute to the growing body of evidence that characterises the MCA hydroclimate as time-transgressive and heterogeneous rather than a well-defined climatic period. The presence of the WRAe isochron also demonstrates that no long-term (multidecadal) climatic or societal impacts from the 852/3 CE Churchill eruption were identified beyond areas proximal to the eruption. Historical evidence in Europe for subsistence crises demonstrate a degree of temporal correspondence on interannual timescales, but similar events were reported outside of the eruption period and were common in the 9th century. The 852/3 CE Churchill eruption exemplifies the difficulties of identifying and confirming volcanic impacts for a single eruption, even when the eruption has a small age uncertainty. 

/pdf/the-852-3-ce-mount-churchill-eruption-examining-the-27y1afhy.pdf

The 852/3 CE Mount Churchill eruption: examining the potential climatic and societal impacts and the timing of the Medieval Climate Anomaly in the North Atlantic region

Author(s): McLaughlin, Rowan; Hannah, Emma; Coyle-McClung, Lisa | Abstract: This paper discusses how the production rate of historical and archaeological data might contain unique information about past societies. The case study is the frequency of entries in the Annals of Ulster, a primary early medieval source from Ireland, which was compared to the frequency of archaeological material from early medieval Ireland. The two datasets were found to contain similar trends, namely a rapid increase in activity in the 7th Century, followed by a decline in the Early 9th Century, low levels of activity in the 10th Century, until recovery in the Late 10th / Early 11th Centuries. This overall pattern of activity had not been noticed before. Turning to the archaeological record of Britain, although there are certain similarities between Ireland and Scotland especially in the early part of the period, we find that the 9th and 10th centuries there were a stable period, and thus contrast with Ireland. We argue that environmental pressures are unlikely to be driving the signal, and instead various socio-cultural factors in the past coalesced in Ireland, leading to circumstances powerful enough to attenuate the enduring evidence for human activity, but expressing themselves silently, perhaps even in a way that was not immediately obvious to those witnessing them in the past. The simplest explanation, we contend, is that population levels fell throughout the period. This finding offers insight into the relationship between long-term change and the primary production of history, and supports the idea that the quantity of certain historical data can contain information about past realities.

/pdf/frequency-analyses-of-historical-and-archaeological-datasets-d05athimmr.pdf

Frequency Analyses of Historical and Archaeological Datasets Reveal the Same Pattern of Declining Sociocultural Activity in 9th to 10th Century CE Ireland

https://pureadmin.qub.ac.uk/ws/files/172198429/Hannah_and_McLaughlin_PURE_version_1_.pdf

Long-term archaeological perspectives on new genomic and environmental evidence from early medieval Ireland

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Frequency Analyses of Historical and Archaeological Datasets Reveal the Same Pattern of Declining Sociocultural Activity in 9th to 10th Century CE Ireland

Long-term archaeological perspectives on new genomic and environmental evidence from early medieval Ireland