American ginseng, a valuable medicinal and food plant, is threatened by rot root, which affects its yield and quality. However, limited studies have investigated the changes in soil microbial community and physiochemical properties between healthy and rot root American ginseng. Here, high-throughput sequencing and soil physiochemical properties were used to characterize these changes. The soil physiochemical properties showed significance differences between the soil of healthy and rot root, in which the pH, available potassium, available phosphorus, soil organic carbon and soil organic matter were significantly higher in healthy root soil. Besides, fungal α-diversity was also higher in healthy root soil than that in rot root. Importantly, the dominant fungal genera differed between soils of healthy and rot root of American ginseng, and LEfSe further indicated that six fungal genera (Devriesia, Chrysosporium, Dichotomopilus, Pseudeurotium, Acaulium and Scedosporium) were significantly enriched in the soil of healthy plants, whereas six fungal genera (Gibellulopsis, Fusarium, Plectosphaerella, Tetracladium, Gibberella and Ilyonectri) were significantly enriched in the soil of rot root, suggesting that an increase in the relative abundance of these pathogenic fungi (Fusarium, Plectosphaerella, and Ilyonectri) may be associated with ginseng rot root. Notably, this study is the first to report that an increase in the relative abundances of Gibellulopsis and Gibberella in the rot root soil of American ginseng may be associated with the onset of rot root symptoms in this plant. The functional profile prediction showed that the there was a significantly Pathotrophs increase in the rot root soil compared with healthy root soil and Saprotrophs were more abundant in the healthy root soil. Finally, correlation analyses revealed that soil cation exchange capacity was an important factors affecting the composition of rot root of American ginseng soil microbial communities. This study not only used a new approach to explore the new fungal associated with rot root in American ginseng but also excavated the major soil physiochemical properties affecting the microbiome diversity, providing foundation for developing biocontrol strategies against rot root.

The discovery of pivotal fungus and major determinant factor shaping soil microbial community composition associated with rot root of American ginseng.

The present invention relates to a traditional Chinese medicine composition for regulating immunity and preparation method thereof, characterized in that the composition comprises raw materials such as Radix Panacis Quinquefolii, Ganoderma, fermented Cordyceps sinensis powder, Flos Rosae Rugosae, and Rhizoma Anemarrhenae and is prepared into various conventional pharmaceutical formulations through processes such as pulverization, water decoction and alcohol extraction. The traditional Chinese medicine composition is effective in preventing and treating allergic diseases, hepatitis B and AIDS, elevating leukocytes, preventing and treating radiation injury, reducing toxic and side effects resulting from radiotherapy and chemotherapy, improving the male sexual function, enhancing immunity of the human body and alleviating physical fatigue.

Traditional Chinese medicine combination for regulating immune function and preparation method therefor

The genus Panax belongs to the taxonomic family Araliaceae and consists of many species that are commonly referred to as ginseng. The plants are perennial herbs that grow mostly in the wild and only a few are cultivated. Geographically, they are mainly distributed in North America and northeast Asia. The species contain bioactive chemicals including ginsenosides that have some clinical evidence for the treatment of medical ailments ranging from the common cold, diabetes, and cancer to neurological disorders. Ginseng is mainly propagated by seeds that can be difficult to germinate and often produce plants that are of variable characteristics and quality. In the natural habitat, the Panax species have a production cycle of 3–7 years from seedling to harvest. Research into the in vitro culture of ginseng cells, tissues, and organs began in the 1960s, and by 1980 methods for large-scale propagation were established. With in vitro culture methodologies, plant production can be controlled in terms of both quality and quantity. In vitro methods of micropropagation can reduce the lengthy plant production cycle and can preserve unique genotypes and phenotypes. Micropropagation also allows a more rapid multiplication of plants of superior quality and genetic uniformity than seedling production. This article provides a general overview of ginseng growth characteristics, development, and an update on the major scientific research contributions of the in vitro culture techniques for improving the cultivation of Panax species.

Improvement of Ginseng by In Vitro Culture

Background: Combination therapy has proven to be an effective treatment strategy for control of diabetes and heart disease. We have previously shown that American (AG) anf Korean Reg Ginseng (KRG) improve glycemia and vascular parameters. Methods: As these two ginsengs are suggestive of complementary mechanisms of action, the study was designed to investigate their therapeutic potential when taken in combination. Hence, we evaluated the efficacy and safety of 3g/day supplementation of AG+KRG extracts in 48 well controlled (A1c=6, 5-8, 1%) Type-2 diabetes individuals. The participants were kept constant on a weight maintenance diet and/or their routine antihyperglycemic and antihypertensive medicationthroughout the course of the study. The study was a 12-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel design conducted in two centres. Results: The combination therapy demonstrated a good safety profile, with HbA1c levels significantly reduced (p=0, 03) and systolic blood pressure lowered by 5 mmHg (p=0, 052) after 12 weeks of therapy compared with placebo. This study indicated that a combined treatment of AG+KRG, added to conventional treatment, may have an impact on glycemic and vascular control in diabetes with no adverse effects. Conclusions: Although preliminary, these findings encourage further investigation of the mechanism and the roles of AG, KRG and their active components. They also highlight limitations in ginseng research and the need to impose strict regulations to facilitate its physiology-compositionstandardization.

The therapeutic effects of the combined use of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) extract and Korean red ginseng (Panax Ginseng C.A. Meyer) extract in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular risk factors

Improvement of Ginseng by In Vitro Culture: Challenges and Opportunities

The variation in ginsenoside content in Ontario-grown North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) was evaluated within and between five Ontario ginseng landraces using HPLC-DAD. All ginsenosides, except Rg1, varied significantly between at least two landraces and total ginsenoside levels were reduced in one landrace. The greatest range in total ginsenosides observed within an individual landrace was 4.36–16.61% w/w. Anti-glycation and antioxidant activity of Ontario ginseng was also evaluated and assessed in relation to ginsenoside content and total phenolic content. Low inhibition of advanced glycation end product formation was observed. Radical scavenging activity was seen in the DPPH assay and this activity was correlated with both total ginsenoside and total phenolic content. This activity was low in comparison to previously tested phenolic-rich extracts. Identifying variation in ginsenoside profiles and this effect on biological activity could be important for quality control and landrace development.

Ginsenoside Variation Within and Between Ontario Ginseng Landraces: Relating Phytochemistry to Biological Activity

Bioactive Polysaccharides of North American Ginseng Panax quinquefolius L. in Modulation of Immune Function: Preliminary Chemical and Biological Characterization

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Ginsenoside Variation Within and Between Ontario Ginseng Landraces: Relating Phytochemistry to Biological Activity

Bioactive Polysaccharides of North American Ginseng Panax quinquefolius L. in Modulation of Immune Function: Preliminary Chemical and Biological Characterization